BOLETIN MENSUAL DE FELINIA Nº05,  6 de Junio 2002

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© FELINIA, 2002

 

ACTUALIZACIONES DE FELINIA WEB:

* Exposiciones: http://usuarios.lycos.es/FELINIA/expos01.htm

Exposiciones en España: actualización general de los calendarios españoles de exposiciones FIFe y WCF.

* Criadores en la red: ttp://usuarios.lycos.es/FELINIA/bl00.htm

Actualización de los datos de criadores de Exótico, Maine Coon, Persa y Sagrado de Birmania.

 

NOTICIAS:

*Exposiciones TICA organizadas por GALLIC CAT (Francia):

23 de Junio 2002: Sancerre (F), 3 Congress TICA: 1 pelo corto adulto, 1 macho adulto, 1 hembra adulta)

22 de Septiembre 2002: Le Puy (F), juicios tradicionales + 5 rings TICA

30 de Noviembre 2002: Bourges (F), juicios tradicionales + 5 rings TICA

01 de Diciembre 2002: Bourges (F), juicios tradicionales + 5 rings TICA

GALLIC CAT: Martine Caillard, +33-2-48.21.02.04

 

* Exposición Internacional Felina de Andorra (Encamp):

La Exposición de Encamp (Andorra), organizada por el Cat Club d’Occitanie (F) modifica sus fechas tradicionales de principios de Julio y se traslada a los días 14 y 15 de Septiembre. La cita, punto estratégico para los socios FIFe de España, Portugal y sur de Francia que necesitan un punto en un tercer país, contará con los siguientes jueces internacionales: Flavia Capra (Italia, Cat.1 y 2); Claude Seignot (Francia, TTR); Françoise Milcent (Francia, TTR) y Val Gane (Inglaterra, Cat. 2, 3 y 4). Información más detallada a contactando con felinia@felinia.net  Los hoteles recomendados son los mismos de anteriores ediciones; en el próximo número de este boletín mensual, que se editará con fecha 06/07/02, se publicarán las tarifas especiales para los expositores.

 

* Propuestas oficiales para la AG FIFe 2002 (Portugal):

ELECCIONES:

Vice-President for a period of one year. Candidates: Ms Satu Hämälàinen (FIN), Mr Karl Preiss (A), Mrs Waltraut Sattler(D), Ms Annette Sjodin (S), Ms Paula van de Wijngaart (NL)

Vice-Treasurer for a period of three years: Candidate: Mrs Margarete Ieleithner (D)

Vice-Secretary for a period of three years: Candidate Mrs Eva Wieland-Schilla (CH)

ONE member of the LO Commission for a period of two years:Candidates: Ms Eva Porat (S) & Ms Gina Grob (FL)

THREE members for the Health & Welfare Commission for a period of three years:

Candidates: Mrs Jetta Eva Madsen (DK), Dr Miguel Sierra-Bernal (MEX, Dr Laima Vesma (LV), Mr Rolf Voehringer (CH), Mrs Trudy Wessel van Puten (NL)

NUEVOS MIEMBROS: Chipre

PROPUESTAS DEL COMITE:

BOARD I: Amendment to Article 16

This proposal will clarify the three types of majority and make sure that all cases are based on a majority of members present or represented

a)          Simple majority  a candidate obtains at least one vote more than the other/s

b)          Absolute majority  a candidate/proposal obtains more than half the votes cast

c)          Qualified (¾) majority  required for admission, expulsion and modification of Statutes

Elections and GA decisions to be valid only when confirmed by an absolute majority. In case of a tie between candidates after 3rd round or one candidate does not reach absolute majority, post to remain open until next GA.

BOARD II -- Show Rules. Annex 2 point 2e

All cats exhibited at FIFe show by non-FIFe members must be registered in FIFe except Domestic cats and Novices

BOARD Ill -- General Rules. Article 10b

Amendments made by the commissions must be with the General Secretary by 15th July at the latest

BOARD IV -- General Rules. Article 22

The GA to be held on the last Thursday and Friday in May. The Judges' Seminar would then be on the Saturday with the Gala dinner that night and Delegates/Judges would return home on the Sunday

BOARD V --Two members of the Board to retire by rotation

Vice President & Treasurer at the same time President and Vice Secretary at the same time General Secretary and Vice Treasurer at the same time

BOARD VI -- Registration Rules. 4.4.1

Add: All kittens bred by a FIFe member's member must be registered in FIFe. To stop FIFe breeders registering with other bodies so as to avoid FIFe breeding Rules

BOARD VII

Javanese to be renamed ORIENTAL LONGHAIR

PROPUESTAS DE LA COMISION DE JUECES & LO:

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION I  Education of Student Judges

Guidelines to be offered by the Judges & LO commission to aid instructing judges and help student judges acquire the desired level of skill, knowledge and experience.

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION II Novice & Control Classes

Amendments to Registration Rules Art 4.4.5.3 and Show Rule -: split class 13 into:

I3a - Novice class  for cats with unknown parents or cats without pedigree

13b - Control class - for cats requiring a breed check requested by the NBC or breeders

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION III  Re-organisation of Judges Rules

A cosmetic exercise to pool together the same subjects  

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION IV  Changes in theoretical & practical exams

Six changes altogether to ease the organisation of exams at shows and periods of training

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION V  EMS code N0 70 for ears

Straight ears: 71          Curled ears: 72          Folded ears: 73

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION VI Additions changes to Birman Breed Standard

These will clarify and improve description:

Head shape       Short soft wedge, not completely round with enough height, no flat planes

Chin:  ... broad

Eye shape: ...of good size, not too dominant, set well apart

Scale of Points

Eye colour: 5 / Tail: 5 / Gauntlets: size & placement: 5

JUDGES & LO COMMISSION VII- Rex cats

Cornish Rex: 'curly' to be replaced by 'wavy' in Standard and Scale

Devon Rex: 'wavy' to be replaced by 'wavy and/or curly'

To be 'curly' the coat must have guardhairs  these may be present on the Devon Rex but are lacking on the Cornish Rex

PROPUESTAS DE LA COMISION DE EXPOSICIONES:

SHOW COMMISSION I New classes

Class 1/2: for Grand European Champion/Grand European Premier requiring 98 points for certificate, requiring 9 certificates from 3 different judges & 4 different countries Numbers of other classes to be changed accordingly

SHOW COMMISSION II BIS nomination

Change from 97 to 98 points for nomination to BIS

SHOW COMMISSION III  New Merit Title: DSM (Distinguished Show Merit)

Only available at International shows for all adult cats (including Neuters), requires 10 wins at BIS in 3 different countries. Minimum period of qualifying: 2 years and 1 day between 1st and 10th wins.

SHOW COMMISSION IV  New National Title: NC(*)/NP(*)

Available at National & international shows for all adults  (*) indicates the country; requires 6 wins at BIS in that particular country  minimum period of qualifying 1 year and 1 day between 1st and 6th wins.

SHOW COMMISSION V  New Young Title YC

Only available at international shows requires 3 wins at BIS in class 11

PROPUESTAS DE LA COMISION DE SALUD Y BIENESTAR:

Breeders Rules

The following recommendations from the Health and Welfare Commission are to be accepted as rules:

RULES FOR BREEDERS REGARDING THE HEALTH AND WELFARE OF CATS:

These rules are minimum requirements and national members may have more detailed rules as they see fit.

GENERAL:

1.1          The health and welfare of each individual cat or kitten must be the foremost concern for all breeders and owners of cats or kittens.

1.2          Responsible breeding based on genetic principles, disease prevention and an environment of love and comfort must be encouraged.

1.3          Accurate records regarding the health and breeding of cats and kittens must be kept.

2          ACCOMMODATION

2.1          Living accommodation, bedding, dishes, litter trays etc, must be kept clean at all times.

2.2          Cats must have water bowls with fresh water at all times, the right food when required or prescribed, comfortable bedding, play and activity items and climbing poles or similar.

2.3          Cats must have adequate space in which to move and play and should enjoy domestic living.

2.4          Where accommodation is separate from a domestic environment, facilities must be for the cat's best management and maintenance. Under these conditions, a minimal of 6 square meters of floor space with a height of at least 1.80 m per cat is recommended. More than one level must exist and a sleeping and/or refuge area must be included. All areas must be suitable for human access and weatherproof.

With outdoor facilities, cats must be provided with sufficient shade to give them protection from direct sunlight. In these cases, cats must be allowed access inside in order to remain dry if it rains or snows. Areas must be constructed to facilitate easy drainage.

For cats unused to extreme temperatures, a range between 10C to 35 C (50F to 95F) is acceptable but temperatures either below or above these averages necessitate either heating or cooling assistance.

Ventilation facilities to be provided with fresh air ( windows, doors, air conditioning) in order to minimize odours, moisture and drafts.

Natural and artificial lighting must be provided.

           Cleaning and disinfecting facilities for floors, walls and furniture must be always available.

2.5.1     Although individual cats enjoy the company of other cats, overcrowding must be avoid as this can lead to stress and aggression and, more importantly, can increase the risk of diseases.

2.5.2     Every cat or kitten must be given daily individual attention; this should include handling which allows for a check of the general health.

3.          SELLING AND RE-HOMING

3.1          Any agreements or limitations with purchasers of kittens or users of stud cats must be in writing to avoid misunderstandings

4.          Studs

4.1          Stud cats, which have to live in enclosed accommodation must have a minimum of six square  metres of floor space with a minimum height of 1.80 m available to them, at least two square metres must be enclosed and weatherproof. If this accommodation is shared, then the available surface must be larger.

           In all accommodation, there must be more than one level and a sleeping or refuge area must be included. All areas must be suitable for human access.

5          BREEDING QUEENS

5.1          Queens must not have more than three litters in twenty-four months except with the prior written approval of a veterinarian and/or the National Breeding Committee

5.2          All births should be attended in case problems occur.

5.3          A queen which requires repeated caesarian sections must not be used for further breeding.

5.4          Queens about to give birth or un-weaned kittens must have the possibility to be kept in a separate area/room.

5.5          Kittens must not go to a new owner (home) before they are 12 weeks old and have been fully vaccinated against Panleucopenia and 'cat flu', unless otherwise advised by a veterinarian.

6          GENERAL CARE

6.1          Adult cats or kittens must have their vaccinations updated regularly.

6.2          A cat suffering from a congenital abnormality must not be used for breeding or sold as a breeding cat. A breeder selling such a kitten must send a request to their national breeding committee for a "breeding restriction" to be put on the registration document.

6.3          Sick cats and kittens must receive veterinary attention as soon as possible.

6.4          Parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, intestinal worms, heartworms etc, are sometimes unavoidable, but all cats must be regularly examined and treated.

6.5          Special measures must be taken for the prevention or spread of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases, including the use of vaccinations where available.

PROPUESTAS DE LOS MIEMBROS:

Italy (FFI) Proposal I  Breeders Commission

Formation of this commission/Requirements for Candidacy and Election/Numbers of members for each category/Collection and examination of health/genetic/standard/recognition issues/Collection and examination of problems related to breeding activities/Administration and commitments

Italy (FFI) Proposal II Non FIFe cats at FIFe shows

They do NOT qualify for FIFe certificates and only receive a 'merit' rating but are eligible for BIV, NOM, BlS and BOB

Norway (NNR) Proposal I  ABY/SOM

Addition to the Breeding & Registration Rules

ONLY Ruddy, Blue, Sorrel & Fawn with/without Silver to be recognised and bred from

ONLY offspring from these recognised colours to be registered as ABY/SOM

Offspring from any other variety to be registered as XSH/XLH

New colours through other breeds have/are introducing unwanted genes (e.g. gene for points through BUR) and are detrimental to selective breeding in existence since 1870'ies.. Ticking between new and classic colours is extremely difficult to distinguish (fawn/lilac, ruddy/chocolate, patches of a sorrel tortie...).

Norway (NNR) Proposal II MANX

MAN with minimum of 3 MAN (51, 52, 53, 54) prior generations to be registered in the LO

The Netherlands (MUNDIKAT) Proposal I  SPH

Judge & register SPH according to the same rules as CRX/DRX

The Netherlands (MUNDIKAT) Proposal II Cross breeding offspring

Cosmetic change to simplify the existing rules

The Netherlands (MUNDIKAT) Proposal Ill BEN

A country's NBC to authorise in special cases cross breeding BEN with Asian Leopardcat or Felis Bengalensis FIFe Registration Rules to apply

Portugal (CPF) Proposal I GA Language

The GA to be conducted only in English but proposals to be sent in the 3 languages

Portugal (CPF) Proposal II  GA Date

The GA to be held the last week in April or 1st week in May

Russia (ARCCA) Proposal Special exemption

Special requirements for titles (number of certificates/judges/countries) in Russia only

Sweden (SVERAK) Proposal I  SBl additions/deletions in Standard

Eyes: Add Size: Not too small or too dominant

Placement: Set well apart

Coat: delete "The body colour in all varieties" and add "The body colour is showing a slight shade of point colour, gradually shading to a lighter tone on the stomach and chest. White or coloured patches on the chest or the stomach may be seen in cats with a darker body colour"

Faults: Delete completely

Scale: Head Delete shape & colour of the eyes. Replace by:

Eyes Colour, shape, size and Placement: 10 points

Tail: 5 points

Gloves: delete on the hind feet: 5 points, delete gauntlets 5 points, and replace by "on the hind feet, including gauntlets: 5 points"

Sweden (SVERAK) Proposal II BIS rule change

No category to be combined even if there are less than 15 cats present in one of them

Sweden (SVERAK) Proposal III  Show rules change

Class 11: SEVEN to ten months (instead of 6 to 10)

Class 12: FOUR to SEVEN months (instead of 3 to 6)

Slovenia (ZFDS)  Judges Rules

Article 47 Replace at least 25 cats in open/neuter classes,  at least 25 cats in the CH/PR to EC/EP classes by at last 50 adult cats in the Open/Neuter to EC/EP classes

Austria (KK) Proposal I  Unrecognised breeds

The Judges & LO commission to define which standards are to be used when judging unrecognised breeds

Austria (KK) Proposal II Ring shows

Ring shows to be held as two day events, once a year per member, restricted to 4 certificates, cats in categories 1+11 and Ill+IV respectively to be judged by judges qualified in these categories  no more than 200 cats per judge.

Austria (KK) Proposal Ill  Breed Councils

Formation of Breed councils for each breed to advise on Standards and Rules Members eligibility and requirements

Secretary Fees Procedure for submission of proposals

Belarus (Felinolog)  Show Rule exemption

Number of cats reduced to 100 for International show in Belarus for a period of 3 years.

Czech Republic (CSCH)  Change/Addition to Show Rule IV 29

Judges not to abstain from voting at BIS when they have nominated a candidate in a nomination group  but may abstain if they have not nominated a candidate in that group.

Estonia (Felix) Recognition of the American Curl LH & SH

To be included in category II; full Standard, Scale of points and colour varieties provided. Unanimously recommended by the Judges & Lo commission following the Tallinn show on 14/07/01 where all FIFe requiremetns were met.

Finland (SRK) Proposal I  Change of Show Rule 52

Show catalogues to be sent with the list of results to the FIFe secretariat instead of marked show catalogues.

Finland (SRK) Proposal II Rex with Silver

A colour with Silver to belong to the same group as that colour without Silver

Group I           Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn, Smoke

Group II          Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn, Smoke with White

Group Ill          Red/Cream/Tortie with/without Smoke, Red/Cream/Tortie with/without Agouti silver or golden

Group IV          Red/Cream/Tortie with/without Smoke with White, Red/Cream/Tortie with/without     Agouti silver or golden with white

Group V          Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn with Agouti with/without silver or golden

Group VI          Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn with Agouti with/without silver or golden with white

Group VII           Pointed, Pointed Silver, Pointed golden

Group VIII           Pointed with white, Pointed silver with white, Pointed golden with white

Group IX           White

Great Britain (CA) Proposal I Addition to FIFe Show Rules Annex 2

Only FIFe registered cats owned by members of a FIFe club may be awarded FIFe titles.

Note: Other cats can still be awarded certificates but will not be eligible for titles.

Great Britain (CA) Proposal II Addition to FIFe Show Rule 5

FIFe show dates may only be booked up to 5 calendar years in advance existing dates already booked may stand

Luxemburg (LCC)  Abolition of Show Rule IV 29

Stop combining categories for BIS if less than 15 cats  all 4 categories to be separate.

 

* Avance de las decisiones tomadas en la Asamblea General FIFe 2002 (24-25/05/02, Portugal):

Adjuntamos un resumen de las decisiones votadas por la Asamblea FIFe 2002. Esas resoluciones son válidas a partir del 1 de Enero de 2003,  excepto si se indica expresamente lo contrario. Los cargos electos entran en funciones de forma inmediata.

* Resultado de las elecciones convocadas para cargos en la Junta Directiva: Annette Sjödin (Suecia), elegida vice-residenta por un período de 1 año; Margarete Leleithner (Alemania), vice-esorera por un período de 3 años; Eva Wieland-Schilla (Suiza), vice-ecretaria por un período de 3 años.

* Resultado de las elecciones convocadas para cargos en las diferentes Comisiones:

Judges & LO Comission: Eva Porat (Suecia), elegida por un períodod de 2 años.

Heallth & Welfare Comission: Miguel Sierra-Bernal (Méjico), Laima Vesma (Lituania) y Trudy Wessel van Puten (Holanda), elegidos por un período de 3 años.

* Nuevos países miembros de FIFe: después del período probatorio reglamentario, Chipre y Rumanía se convierten en miembros de pleno derecho de FIFe.

* Formación de una Comisión de Crianza (BC), de acuerdo con la propuesta austríaca (KKÖ).

* Reconocimiento del American Curl Shorthair y Longhair, tanto a nivel de registro como de campeonato. los códigos EMS para esta raza son: ACS para la versión pelo corto, y ACL para la versión de pelo largo. Como consecuencia lógica de este reconocimiento, se añaden los siguientes códigos EMS a los ya existentes: 71 (straight), 72 (curled) y 73 (folded).

* Nuevos títulos para los gatos: DSM (Distinguished Show Merit), para gatos adultos, neutros o castrados, que hayan conseguido 10 BIS en 2 años y 1 día; y JW (Junior Winner), para gatos de las Clases 11  y 12 (Cachorros y Jóvenes) que hayan conseguido 5 BIS mientras se encuentran en las 2 clases citadas.

* Se aceptan los registros en LO de Manx sin importar si en su pedigree constan los códigos 51, 52, 53 o 54.

* Aprobado un nuevo reparto en los grupos de color para los Sphynx. Devon Rex y Cornish Rex.

* Se elimina la posibilidad de hacer BIS combinados cuando una de las categorías (Cat.1, 2, 3 y 4) no cuenta con un mínimo de 15 gatos.

* Todos los gatos criados por socios FIFe deberán registrase en FIFe. Esto anula la práctica habitual de inscribir sólo determinadas camadas, o parte de ellas.

* Presentado a la Asamblea un protocolo de relaciones FIFe-LOOF. Con este protocolo se resolverán cuestiones importantes para los expositores españoles, como pueden ser la edad de los gatos inscritos en Clase 9-10 (CAC-CAP), o la validez de certificados firmados por jueces hasta la fecha no reconocidos por FIFe.

 

* Protocolo FIFe-LOOF:

Protocolo de acuerdo entre la Fédération pour la Gestion du Livre Officiel des Origines Félines, LOOF,  y  la Fédération Internationale Féline, FIFe.

Se acuerda entre las partes lo siguiente:

ARTICULO 1, relativo a los pedigrees.

LOOF reconoce todos los pedigrees emitidos por las asociaciones adheridas a FIFe para todos los gatos nacidos en Francia antes del 6 de Enero 1999.

FIFe reconoce todos los pedigrees emitidos por LOOF.

FIFe se compromete a que sus miembros no emitan ningún pedigree para gatos nacidos en Francia o gatos que lleven un afijo de un criador francés (aplicable para todos los gatos nacidos después del 6 de Enero 1999).

LOOF incluirá en todos sus pedigrees los códigos EMS correpondientes al gato registrado 

ARTICULO 2, relativo a los afijos.

LOOF y FIFe reconocen mutuamente los afijos registrados por ambos. En caso de duplicidad, los afijos llevarán, entre paréntesis, el nombre de la federación que los ha concedido.

ARTICULO 3, relativo al reconocimiento de razas felinas.

LOOF reconoce todas las razas felinas aceptadas por FIFe en la fecha de la firma del presente acuerdo.

En el futuro, el reconocimiento por el LOOF de las razas que FIFe pueda reconocer pasará, sin que ello prejuzgue ninguna decisión, de una información sobre el standard y las características de dicha raza. Esta información se encuadrará dentro de las funciones del Comité de Enlace previsto en el artículo 7 del presente acuerdo.

ARTICULO 4, relativo a los jueces.

LOOF reconoce todos los jueces FIFe con las calificaciones que figuran en la lista de jueces FIFe a la fecha de la firma del presente acuerdo.

Para ser reconocidos por LOOF, los jueces FIFe de nacionalidad francesa deberán cumplir, a partir de la fecha de la firma del presente acuerdo, con la reglamentación LOOF en materia de exámenes. En consecuencia, los exámenes LOOF para jueces FIFe de nacionalidad francesa, tendrán valor de exámen FIFe.

FIFe reconoce todos los jueces de nacionalidad francesa agregados al LOOF, con las calificaciones que figuran en la lista de jueces LOOF.

Los jueces “all breed” de ambas federaciones sólo están autorizados a juzgar las razas reconocidas por su federación, excepto si justifican su participación en un seminario o aportan un certificado de alumno juez relativo a la raza en cuestión.

LOOF y FIFe reconocen mutuamente la validez de los certificados de alumno juez firmados por los jueces instructores de ambas federaciones.

LOOF y FIFe se comprometen a transmitirse, como mínimo una vez al año, sus respectivas listas de jueces con sus calificaciones.

ARTICULO 4, relativo a las exposiciones.

LOOF y FIFe reconocen recíprocamente los certificados de títulos otorgados en las exposiciones reconocidas por una u otra federación.

LOOF y FIFe reconocen recíprocamente los títulos otorgados por las asociaciones que componen ambas federaciones.

En consecuencia, un gato no puede ser desclasado si tiene un certificado o un título emitido por la otra federación.

ARTICULO 7, relativo al Comité de Enlace.

Se crea un Comité de Enlace formado por 2 representantes designados por LOOF y otros 2 designados por FIFe.

Este Comité se reunirá al menos 2 veces al año.

Tiene por objeto resolver las posibles diferencias de interpretación o de puesta en práctica del presente acuerdo, así como intercambiar la informacion relativa a la evolución de los reglamentos y standards adoptados por las partes.

Este Comité se encargará, asimismo, de elaborar un balance de la aplicación del presente acuerdo con fecha 31 de Marzo 2003.

ARTICULO 8

El presente acuerdo se aplicará a partir de la firma por ambas partes. Está redactado en francés e inglés, y ambos textos originales tienen el mismo valor legal.

 

* Inicio de la campaña de vacunación de perros y gatos en Madrid:

La Concejalía de Salud y Consumo de Madrid puso en marcha, desde el 5 de Mayo, la campaña de Vacunación Antirrábica e Identificación de Perros y Gatos, obligatoria para estos animales. Para ello, pondrá a disposición de todos los ciudadanos un total de 18 centros municipales de vacunación distribuidos por toda la capital, que permanecerán abiertos hasta el 20 de Junio.

Durante la campaña 2001, más de 16.000 mascotas fueron vacunadas en las instalaciones municipales dispuestas al efecto. Además, se identificaron alrededor de 2.000 animales y fueron desparasitados unos 8.000. El coste de estos servicios durante el periodo de campaña oficial es de 20€por animal, aunque si ya están identificados sólo se deberá abonar el coste de vacunación, que será de 8€.

 

* Rechazo del Gobierno español a la modificación del Código Penal:

A finales de febrero, el Partido Popular se negó a aceptar las cuatro propuestas de ley (Grupo Mixto, IU, CiU y PSOE) para tipificar el maltrato animal como delito, cerrando así las puertas a una revisión y posible modificación del Código Penal. También el PNV votó en contra de la propuesta. En el actual Código Penal el maltrato de animales está considerado como falta, y solo es castigado con multas.


Esta respuesta era ya esperada por las asociaciones de defensa animal, muchas de las cuales se encontraban en el Congreso de los Diputados. Tras la votación desplegaron una pancarta pidiendo la pena de cárcel que fue rápidamente retirada por las fuerzas del orden. De nada han servido las más de 600.000 firmas recogidas.

El PP argumentó que una reforma del Código Penal global de este tipo no debe hacerse como respuesta a un hecho concreto (Tarragona), sino de un modo más prudente. Además afirma no querer interferir en los estudios que está realizando una comisión formada por técnicos de Agricultura y de Interior y pospone su decisión hasta conocer los resultados. En otros países europeos (Italia, Austria, Suecia), las penas llegan hasta un año de prisión en los casos más graves.

* Nuestros deberes con los animales:

NUESTROS DEBERES CON LOS ANIMALES, por Lluis Sepúlveda (El Priódico, 05/05/2002).

Se deben castigar de forma ejemplar las salvajadas que los sádicos amparados por la tradicicón cometen contra el resto de los seres vivos.

Cada cierto tiempo se aviva una polémica que habla de la concesión de derechos a los animales, como si la existencia de tales derechos dieran al género humano la excusa para poder ignorar sus deberes respecto de los otros seres que nos acompañan en la efímera aventura de la existencia.

Desde luego que el mundo está lleno de sádicos: los que arrojan un carnero desde la torre de una iglesia, los que encienden la cornamenta de una espantada vaca, los que cortan cogotes de pavos y patos en nombre de la alegría y de la fiesta en cualquiera de esos pueblos llamados Cojonzuelos del Obispo o algo parecido. Pues bien, éstos, además de sádicos, son miserables cretinos y están a años luz de entender el significado de la palabra derecho, incluso si les beneficia, porque vaya usted a hacer que el alcalde y los concejales de alguno de esos puebluchos comprendan que no está bien dar puñaladas a un ternero hasta desangrarlo en la calle, y que tienen el derecho de rebelarse contra la estupidez que les mancha las manos y el prestigio.

Todas las barbaridades descritas son lisa y llanamente delitos cometidos contra la civilidad, contra el sentido común, contra una mayoría que ha conquistado el derecho de vivir en armonía con el reto de seres que acompañan la existencia humana, y ese derecho se ejerce cumpliendo una serie de deberes éticos y morales.

Pero también es evidente que, para resguardar los derechos de esa mayoría, se deben crear medidas que castiguen ejemplarmente el maltrato a los animales. Sin embargo, esta aparente perogrullada no está al alcance de todos los intelectos. Hace pocos días, el Partido Popular (PP) rechazó la iniciativa presentada por el PSOE, CiU, ERC e IU para que la brutalidad con los animales fuese considerada un delito y, como a menudo ocurre, las buenas intenciones fueron entregadas a una comisión tan anónima como ineficiente.

¿Y qué es lo que esa comisión debe hacer? ¿Tal vez descubrir la inequívoca relación entre deberes y derechos? ¿Tal vez estudiar acomodos para que las leyes de protección animal, jamás de derechos, que existen en otros países europeos no incomoden al conservadurismo fomentador de las barbaridades descritas?

Los seres humanos tenemos derecho a vivir, derecho consustancial con el deber de preservar la vida, la mía y la del otro, la que nos rodea y la que está más allá del horizonte. La vileza de unos pocos nos envilece a todos cuando la pasividad de los encargados de garantizar nuestro derecho a relacionarnos razonablemente con el entorno natural, con la formidable biodiversidad de la que dependemos, se manifiesta como complicidad con los salvajes y con los promotores del salvajismo.

Es urgente generar, además de leyes que castiguen el maltrato a los animales, políticas que enseñen y resalten la importancia de los deberes propios del género humano, aunque estos contradigan los argumentos cerriles de los dueños de los cotos, de los casposos mentales que hablan del folclore rural, las tretas mercantiles de los capos de la industria cosmética, o las patologías sexuales de los cazadores españoles que ostentan el deshonor de ser los mayores exterminadores de especies protegidas del mundo.

No confundamos el carácter ineludible de nuestros deberes éticos y morales con el otorgar derechos a los pollos o a los burros, aunque estoy seguro de que un burro investido de tribuno jamás rebuznaría exigiendo que las burras cobren pensiones menores que los machos cuadrúpedos porque ellas viven más. Cumplamos con nuestros deberes humanos, hagamos que su observancia sea la norma, porque ésta es la manera de ejercer el mayor de nuestros derechos: el derecho a vivir en armonía.

 

* 2º Simposium Internacional sobre Coronavirus Felino-FIP:

El 2º Simposium Internacional sobre Coronavirus Felino-FIP se ha convocado en Glasgow (Escocia, GB), para el próximo mes de Agosto 2002. Esta reunión se ha convocado a raiz del exito que tuvo la primera edición, y reunirá a científicos, investigadores veterinarios, criadores de gatos, organizaciones de recogida de animales y representantes de la industria del sector. Las actas se publicarán posteriormente en el Journal of Feline Medecine and Surgery. Más información en: http://www.felinecoronavirus.com/index.htm

 

* 20 millones de animales domésticos en España:

De acuerdo con la información proporcionada por la Fundación Purina, un 37% de los hogares españoles tienen mascotas. En números absolutos se puede hablar de un número aproximado de 20 millones de animales en total, de los cuales cuatro millones son perros, tres millones son gatos y unos diez millones son peces de acuario.
Esto significa que España es el país europeo con menos gatos, puesto que un 12% de los hogares tienen gatos, cuando países como Austria, Bélgica, Francia, Irlanda, Italia, Suiza y el Reino Unido están por encima del 20%.

Este es el ránking europeo de hogares con mascotas:

 

Perros

Gatos

Pájaros

Irlanda

41%

Austria

30%

Portugal

20%

Francia

31%

Bélgica

25%

Bélgica

17%

Portugal

29%

Francia

24%

Holanda

17%

Bélgica

29%

Irlanda

24%

España

16%

España

25%

Italia

22%

Italia

13%

Reino Unido

25%

Suiza

21%

Alemania

11%

Italia

24%

Reino Unido

21%

Suiza

9%

Dinamarca

24%

Portugal

18%

Francia

8%

Grecia

15%

España

12%

Reino Unido

7%

 

  

* The Sphynx Kitten Information Project:

La Doctora Susan Little ha puesto en marcha un proyecto de investigación sobre los gatos Sphynx, dedicado a recopilar toda la información posible sobre las camadas de gatos de esta raza: fecha de las camadas, número de gatitos nacidos, desarrollo, mortalidad, etc. La idea es comparar los datos recogidos con los de otras razas, y analizar diferencias y semejanzas. Los resultados servirán para que los criadores de esta raza tengan una orientación para desarrollar sus programas de cria. El proyecto se mantendrá activo desde Abril 2002 hasta Marzo 2003. Más información, incluídos los formularios para quien quiera participar enviando datos, en la página de la Dtra. S. Little en: http://www.catvet.homestead.com/Sphynx1.html

 

* The Devon Rex Kitten Information Project:

También desarrollado por la Dtra. Susan Little, este proyecto es idéntico al anterior pero orientado a gatos Devon Rex. A pesar de que la duración inicial del proyecto es de Junio a Mayo 2002, todavía se recogen datos. Información y formularios en: http://www.catvet.homestead.com/Devon1.html

* Propiedad industrial e intelectual

LA PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL DEL SOFTWARE, por Carmen Romero, abogada de Bussiness Software Alliance, Barcelona 2002.

Es evidente que actualmente nos encontramos ante una auténtica revolución informáatica equiparable en muchos aspectos a lo que fue y significo en su momento la Revolución Industrial.

Actualmente, todos los procesos que rigen nuestras vidas se hallan vinculados a la informática, y por tanto a los programas de ordenador que hacen posible su desarrollo. Por este motivo, se hace absolutamente necesaria una protección jurídica clara, eficaz y completa en defensa de los derechos de propiedad intelectual de los desarrolladores de software.

Los programas de ordenador son bienes inmateriales, cuya protección se enmarca dentro del Texto Refundido de la ley de Propiedad Intelectual (Texto Refundido de la ley de la Propiedad Intelectual, Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de Abril, regularizando, aclarando y armonizando las disposiciones legales vigentes sobre la materia, concretamente en su artículo 10.1.i), que menciona expresamente el programa d eordenador como objeto de propiedad intelectual. Asimismo, el Título VII del Libro I del citado cuerpo legal regula en los artículos 95 a 104 de forma exclusiva los programas d ordenador.

La protección jurídica de los programas de ordenador se amplía en el TRLPI a través de la Ley 16/93, de 23 de Diciembre, que incorporó al Derecho español la Directiva 91/250/CEE, de 14 de Mayo de 1991, sobre la protección jurídica de los programas d ordenador, modificando determinados artículos de la Ley 22/87, de 11 de noviembre, y la Directiva 2001/29/CEE, relativa a la armonización de dterminados aspectos del derecho de autor.

Es evidente que, como consecuencia de la especial naturaleza y características de los programas de ordenador, ha sido un acierto por parte del legislador regular de forma específica dichas obras en el TRLPI, que en determinados aspectos tiene claras y amplias diferencias con el sistema de protección jurídica del resto de obras protegidas en el TRLPI.

En este sentido, son objeto de protección intelectual todas las creaciones originales, literarias, artísticas o científicas, expresadas por cualquier medio o soporte, tangible o intangible.

En el ámbito penal, el Código Penal tipifica los delitos relativos a la propiedad intelectual en los artículos 270 a 272. En los delitos contra la propiedad intelectual se castigan, entre otras, las actividades de reproducción, plagio, distribución, transformación y comunicación de un programa de ordenador.

En resumen, las infracciones cometidas contra la propiedad intelectual del software, la comunmente llamada “piratería”, constituyen no sólo un ílicito civil sino también un delito, castigados ambos en la legislación española, con consecuencias que van desde penas de prisión que pueden alcanzar un máximo de 4 años o multa que puede alcanzar un máximo de casi 217.000€, además del pago de una indeminzación al titular de los derechos de autor del software copiado ilícitamente y la condena al cese de la actividad ilícita.

* Protcolo del Semi-Annual Board Meeting de TICA:

THE INTERNATIONAL CAT ASSOCIATION

2002 Semi-Annual Board Meeting, February 15-17, 2002, Harlingen, Texas

February 15, 2002, Friday, 8 AM

The meeting was called to order on Friday, February 15, 2002 at 8:30AM. The following members were present Kay DeVilbiss, President; Chieko Ohira, Director, Asia, Cynthia Skipchak, Director, Great Lakes, Edith Mary Smith, Director, Great Plains, Marcel Louwyck, Director, Northern Europe, Alex Graham, Director, Northwest, James Dickie, Director, Mid Atlantic, Pamela Barrett, Director, Mid Pacific, Alberto Leal, Director, South America, Don Caruthers, Director, South Central, Jo Parris, Director, Southeast, Genevieve Basquine, Director, Southern Europe, Bob Mullen, Director, Southwest, Frances Young, Legal Advisor, Laurie Schiff, Legal Advisor and Leslie Bowers, Business Manager. Dewane Barnes, Vice President, and Louise VanDeWater, Director, Northeast were not present at the meeting.

John Harrison, Yearbook Editor, presented the 2001 TICA Yearbooks to the Board of Directors and reported on the Yearbook, past and future. (See attached.)

Executive Session

Unanimous consent to accept the corrections to the Minutes of the 2001 Annual Meeting.

Motion 73: Motion was made by Barnes and seconded by Mays to amend 118.2 to read:

"Amendment of Existing Standards. Proposed Standard amendments including but not limited to the addition or deletion of colors or the adoption of a new Standard for a recognized breed...(remainder the same).

Motion 74: "118.21" should be "118.2.1"

Motion 77: "215.1.2 should read: The judge is a Household Pet Only Judge. Cats belonging to a Household Pet Only Judge may be exhibited in the purebred kitten and championship portion of a show in which that judge is officiating as a Household Pet Judge provided exhibiting is accomplished through an agent, and no communication between the agent and the Household Pet Judge occurs until the Household Pet Judge has completed the Household Pet Show." Motion carried unanimously.

Motion 80: 115.4.3 should be 15.4.3.

Motion 81: 117.3, 117.3.1 and 117.3.2 should be 17.3, 17.3.1, and 17.3.2.

Motion 97: Delete: "Motion carried unanimously'", it was unanimous consent.

Motion 137: Unanimous consent to move the California Spangled, Peterbald and Chantilly into Evaluation Class. Should be California Spangled and Peterbald into Evaluation Class.

45. Motion was made by Caruthers and seconded by Barrett to change Standing Rule 1013.3.5 to read: Members residing outside of North America may submit their ballots to the CPA via facsimile, provided they request a facsimile ballot from the Executive Office in writing; submit the facsimile ballot including all the information required on the return envelope, and the member’s signature. The member must certify to the Executive Office, in writing, the date on which the facsimile ballot was faxed to the CPA. In the event a mailed ballot is received by the CPA from the same member that has submitted a ballot via facsimile, the mailed ballot will be counted and the facsimile ballot discarded. Motion carried unanimously.

Standing Rules

46. Unanimous consent to accept the revised budget for 2001-2002. Motion carried unanimously.

47. Unanimous consent to accept the budget for 2002-2003. Motion carried unanimously.

INSTRUCTIONS: Regional Directors were requested to notify breed societies unaffiliated with TICA to request in writing from the Executive Office that their names and/or acronyms not be registered as cattery names.

48. Motion was made by Leal and seconded by Dickie to score GHATTA’S DEBORA, SBT 020201043. Motion carried unanimously.

49. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Leal to score the second show for RITZ-O-CATS START N OVR OF SOFTPAWS, SBV 070901 024, owned by Juliana Slater because the paperwork was late through no fault of the owner. Motion carried unanimously.

Executive Session

INSTRUCTIONS: The Judging Administrator was asked to remind the judges not to wear noise makers.

52. Motion was made by Graham and seconded by Smith to exempt Edmonton Cat Fanciers from the TICA insurance because their insurance coverage is more advantageous to the club and to TICA. TICA will be shown as a co-insured. Motion carried unanimously.

55. Unanimous consent to recess. The meeting was called to order at 8:10 AM on Saturday, February 16, 2002. No action was taken on the request for an affiliation agreement between TICA and Bavarian breeders.

56. Unanimous consent that Leslie Bowers be given authority to investigate retirement options for TICA employees to be presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting. Motion carried unanimously.

57. Motion was made by Parris and seconded by Mullen to remove 13.3.2 from the By-Laws. “A portion of each member's dues may be placed in escrow for the account of the Region wherein the member resides to be drawn upon to defray the reasonable expenses of the Director of the Region or for any other purpose benefitting the Region and approved by the Board of Directors.” Motion carried unanimously.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

58. Unanimous consent to table the request from Argentina until after lunch. (See Motion 83.)

59. Unanimous consent that the President be given the authority to accept the hosting the World Cat Congress meeting in 2003 or 2004.

60. Unanimous consent that Vickie Fisher be invited to come to the 2002 Annual Meeting for the 1-day meeting to develop an action plan for the Business Plan. The Executive Office is authorized to pay her expenses.

61. Unanimous consent to require each Regional Director to find at least two people to work with Jean Hannum on Animal Legislation and to provide their names to the President by March 31st.

62. Unanimous consent to have Vicky and Peter Markstein work on Marketing and Advertising for TICA.

63. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to eliminate the Electronic Registration

Fee. Motion denied with Barrett, Basquine, Graham, Leal, Louwyck and Smith in favor and DeVilbiss breaking the tie opposed.

NOTE: At the 1996 Semi-Annual Meeting in Brussels, Belgium the following actions were taken: “Motion was made and duly seconded that the $10 fax fee be eliminated effective immediately. Motion carried unanimously. Motion was made and duly seconded to charge a $10 additional fee for any electronic registration. Motion carried with Webb opposed.”

64. Unanimous consent to go into a Committee of the Whole.

65. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Mullen to accept the proposal to remove the Bombay from the Burmese/Bombay Breed Group. Motion denied with Barrett and Caruthers in favor.

66. Unanimous consent that the Bombay/Burmese Breed Group be required to submit combined standards for approval at the 2003 Semi-Annual Meeting.

67. Unanimous consent to accept the Norwegian Forest Breed Standard as attached.

68. Unanimous consent to accept the corrected Chausie Standard as attached.

69. Unanimous consent to go into a Committee of the Whole to discuss the Munchkin.

2002 Semi-Annual Meeting, Page 4

70. Motion was made by Parris and seconded by Leal to accept the Munchkin Breed Group for championship Category III with no exception. Motion carried with Barrett, Dickie, Graham, and Skipchak opposed.

NOTE: Regional Director, Don Caruthers had a death in his immediate family and appointed Fate Mays to serve as his proxy before the entire assembled Board of Directors while the Board was in session.

71. Unanimous consent that the silver Abyssinians and Somalis be included in the colors for championship.

72. Motion was made by Skipchak and seconded by Parris to accept the American Bobtail for championship. Motion carried with Barrett and Basquine opposed.

73. Unanimous consent to accept the Savannah in Evaluation Class.

74. Unanimous consent to move the Serengeti to Evaluation Status.

75. Unanimous consent that the third generation of non-domestic Evaluation Class cats be allowed in the show hall with full disclosure to the judges before handling.

76. Unanimous consent to accept the pointed Siberians for championship.

77. Unanimous consent that it be known that in Russia, the Siberian pointed colors are also known as the breed Neva Masquerade.

78. Withdrawn.

79. Unanimous consent to send the Snowshoe Standard back to the committee for a revision with guidance from the Rules and Technical Terminology Committee.

Referred to Rules and Technical Terminology Committee

80. Unanimous consent to refer the Peterbald back to proper committee to be resubmitted at the 2002 Annual Meeting with the breed section preparing the standard.

81. Unanimous consent to suggest to the Peterbald breed section that they word their standard so as to be distinguishable from the Siamese Breed Group.

82. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to suggest to the Peterbald breed section that if they want to be a hairless Oriental that they show in the assessment class as a single trait difference. Motion carried with Basquine opposed because she wanted the assessment class to disappear and Mullen, Parris, and Smith opposed.

83. Unanimous consent to untable Motion 58. 2002 Semi-Annual Meeting, Page 5

84. Unanimous consent that effective immediately and continuing through April 30, 2003, all fees payable by persons or clubs located in Argentina shall be payable as follows:

Fifty percent at the time of receipt of the order; Fifty percent deferred to a date subsequent to April 30, 2003, to be determined by the Board; The total deferred sum due, cumulative to all orders received from Argentina shall not exceed $500. Should the deferred sum due reach $500 prior to April 30, 2003, no further sums shall be deferred without further Board approval. It is expected that clubs and members shall assist with fund raising projects to pay the deferred fees due.

85. Motion was made by Mullen and seconded by Mays to amend the By-Laws 15.4.1 to read: “15.4.1 The members of each Breed Section shall elect a Breed Committee, each member to serve a term of 3 years or until a successor is duly elected or appointed in the event of a vacancy.

Requirements for election to breed committee membership are as follows:

15.4.1.1 Have a TICA registered cattery, Breed Section membership, have bred and registered with TICA a minimum of two litters of the appropriate breed within the 2 years immediately preceding the election, and have ACTIVELY exhibited a cat, kitten, or alter of the appropriate breed in TICA within the 2 show seasons immediately preceding the election.

15.4.1.2 The number of Breed Committee members shall be determined as set forth in the

Standing Rules and may be increased or decreased based on the number of Breed Section members and the needs of the Breed Section.

15.4.1.3 The breed committee member receiving the highest number of votes shall become the Breed Committee Chairperson.

15.4.1.4 If for any reason the Breed Committee Chair is vacated, the Breed Committee member who received the next highest number of votes shall become the Breed Committee Chairperson. The vacant seat on the Breed Committee shall be filled by a Breed Section poll, time permitting before the end of the term, or by appointment by the Board of Directors.” Motion carried with Graham opposed.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

86. Unanimous consent to recess. The meeting was called to order at 8:15 AM on Sunday, February 17, 2002. The Computer Report was presented by Larry Hart. (See attached.)

87. Unanimous consent to rescind any previous exceptions to the Bengal breed because all issues on non-domestics are covered by current rules.

88. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to accept the changes to16.4 to read: 16.4 Appointed Committees. Except as limited herein, committees shall be appointed from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Standing Rules to these By-Laws. 16.4.1 Current members of the Board Of Directors and current Appointed Officials are ineligible to serve on any of the Standing Committees. Individuals are prohibited from serving on more than one Standing Committee at a time. 16.4.2 The Chair of each Standing Committee shall submit a written report to the Board of Directors at least two times per year, in conjunction with and a reasonable time prior to, the Annual and Semi-Annual meetings. The report shall, at a minimum, provide a summary of all business conducted by the committee, and a record of each vote taken by the committee. The reports shall be distributed to each member of the Board of Directors and to each of the committee members. Motion denied with Barrett and Basquine in favor.

89. Withdrawn

90. Unanimous consent to offer our inventory of yearbooks at a cost of $10 per book plus shipping for the 1985-1998 books down to a minimum on hand in the Executive Office of 25 books in each year.

91. Unanimous consent to pay for the hotel rooms of the Board members for up to 5 nights.

92. Unanimous consent that the Board be required to come 1 day early to the 2002 Annual Board Meeting to work on an action plan for the TICA Business Plan. The TICA Trend Report was provided by Cathy Welch, TICA Trend Editor. (See attached.)

93. Motion was made by Parris and seconded by Mullen to accept the proposal to change 413.5 of the Judging Program and 2014.2 of the Standing Rules. Motion denied unanimously. Smith voted against because she feels strongly that the fees should remain the same. Judging Program 413.5, change to read: A $150 honorarium should customarily be offered to the instructor, conductor or moderator. Standing Rules 2014.2, change to read: 2014.2.1 Seminar - $150 2014.2.2 Judges’ School - $150 2014.2.3 Judges’ Conference - $150

94. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to accept the proposal to amend the By-Laws and Standing Rules for Directors at Large as follows:

Standing Rules, 1011.4.3 As the President and Vice-President and Directors At Large do not have regional travel funds and/or contributions available to them, the President and Vice-President shall have first priority, and the Directors At Large shall have second priority on payment of Board related expenses in the event funds are not sufficient to cover all expenses for all Directors. By-Laws, 15.1 Board of Directors The Board of Directors shall be comprised of a President, a Vice President, two Directors At Large, and Regional Directors. No member of the Board of Directors, or any of its committees, with the exception of the President, or the Vice President, when acting as President, shall be authorized to take any action, including but not limited to, entering into any contract or obligation binding TICA, speaking for the Board of Directors, or stating the policy of TICA, unless the Board of Directors has specifically authorized such action by an individual member.

The President, and the Vice President, when acting as President, is authorized to take any action on behalf of the Association necessary to conduct the day–to–day operations of the Association. The President is the official spokesperson for the Association. This does not apply to Board Members or other officials whose duties are outlined in the By–Laws.

15.2.4 Each Director At Large shall be elected by the membership at large to serve a term of 3 years or until a successor is duly elected. The first Director At Large shall be elected in 2003. The second Director At Large will be elected in 2005.

15.2.5 If for any reason an office of Director At Large shall become vacant, the Board Of

Directors shall appoint a qualified member of the Association to assume the office for the balance of the unexpired term.

111.1.1 The President and Vice President, and Directors At Large, shall be reimbursed reasonable amounts for postage and telephone upon their submission of detailed itemized statements.

111.1.3 The President, Vice President, Directors At Large, and Regional Directors shall be

reimbursed reasonable travel expense to the Annual Convention and may be reimbursed reasonable expenses incurred in attending any Board of Directors or membership meeting if funds are available. Regional Directors' travel expenses shall be reimbursed firstly from the Regions' escrow account.

114.3.1 The election ballot shall contain a list of candidates. The ballot for election of

President, Vice President, Directors At Large, and Regional Directors shall also contain lines for write–in votes. The provisions of ARTICLE THIRTEEN shall apply to election of officers.

115.1 Recall Petition Members of the Association, a Region or Breed Section may petition

for recall of a National Officer, Regional Director or Breed Committee member, respectively. Upon an affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the Association, the Region, or the Breed Section, the President, Vice President or Directors At Large Regional Director or a member of the Breed Committee, respectively, shall be removed from office immediately.

115.3 Signatures and Fees. For recall of the President or Vice President, the petition shall

contain a minimum of 250 signatures and shall be accompanied by $250; for Director At Large, signatures of 200 and $200; for Regional Director, signatures of 150 or one–half of the members of the Region and $150; for Breed Committee, signatures of 50 or one–half of the members of the Breed Section and $50. Motion denied with Barrett abstaining.

95. Unanimous consent to accept the amendment to the Show Rules, By-Laws, and Standing Rules as below: Show Rules, 28.1 Show protests may be filed pursuant to the By-Laws, ARTICLE TWENTY-TWO, 122.2 and 122.3. By-Laws, 122.2.1. Complaints. The complaining party must submit the show protest or other complaint on the official form set forth in the Standing Rules to these Bylaws. The complaining party must state the specific By-Law, Show Rule, Registration Rule or other rule alleged to be violated by the accused party, and attach all documents and other evidence which they contend supports the complaint or protest. Any complaint must be filed with the Executive Office not later than 180 days after the alleged incident occurred, and be accompanied by a non-refundable filing fee as set forth in the Standing Rules. Any show protest must be filed with the Show Committee and Executive Office not later than 10 working days after the close of the show.

122.2.2 Show Protests. Protests charging misconduct or violation of the rules of the

association, arising in connection with a show, shall be submitted in writing with any evidence and a [$25] filing fee as set forth in the Standing Rules, to the Show Committee within 10 working days following the completion of the show. If the protest is against the actions of the club, the show committee of the club, a member of the club or show committee, or production company, the protest can optionally be filed with the Executive Secretary of the Association, with the [$25] filing fee as set forth in the Standing Rules, to be handled by the Board of Directors pursuant to [ARTICLE TWENTYTWO, Section 2 of these By-Laws] this article. A copy of the protest shall also be sent to the show committee. The Board of Directors shall commence action on the protest, pursuant to [Section 2 of] this article, within 60 days from the date of receipt of the protest in the Executive Office. These fees are non-refundable. The filing fees shall not apply to protests filed by the Feline Welfare Standing Committee in its abuse protocols. Renumber the remaining sections in the Article.Standing Rules, add to 1022 Discipline: 1022.1 The fee for filing a complaint or protest shall be based upon the number of single-sided pages submitted, including the complaint form and any attachments and documentation. All fees shall be payable by cash, credit card, certified check or money order.

1022.1.1 The filing fee for ten (10) pages or less shall be $50

1022.1.2 The filing fee for more than ten (10) pages shall be $50, PLUS $2 for each page over ten (10).

1022.1.3 There shall be no fee for filing a response of ten (10) pages or less. For each page over ten (10), the fee shall be $2 per page.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

96. Motion was made by Mullen and seconded by Dickie to accept the proposal to amendments to the Show Rules as below:

21.61 POLYDACTYL - A cat having more than 5 toes on the front foot or feet and more than 4 toes on the back foot or feet. [Ineligible for championship competition EXCEPT as authorized by a Board approved standard.]

21.60 MONORCHID - A male cat having only one descended testicle. [Adult whole males with only one descended testicle are ineligible for competition and shall be disqualified.]

23.20 CRYPTORCHID - A cryptorchid is eligible for competition only in the alter classes.

Motion carried with Barrett, Basquine, Graham, Leal, Louwyck, Ohira opposed; Barrett voted against because she felt it was redundant. The motion carried with DeVilbiss breaking the tie.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

97. Motion was made by Mays and seconded by Dickie to accept the changes to the Show Rules as below:

23.19 NON-DOMESTIC HYBRIDS - Cats which have a non-domestic ancestor as a parent, grandparent or great grandparent are not eligible for competition in Kitten, Championship, Alter, HHP, HHP or Assessment Classes; such cats may be shown in the Evaluation or NB classes ONLY if approved by the Board of Directors.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

98. Motion was made by Barrett and seconded by Mullen to accept the changes to the Show Rules below:

29.2 The maximum number of entries a club may accept is limited as follows: a. Alternative Format - 125 entries (See Show Rule 21.16) b. Back-to-Back Format - 250 entries (See Show Rule 21.14) c. Split Format (Two-Day Show) - 500 entries (See Show Rule 21.15) (See Show Rule 216.4)

29.3 In the absence of a contracted judge, the show committee may appoint a substitute. In such cases, an exhibitor may decline to allow his entries to compete, but may not remove them from the show hall for this reason. The entry is merely "withdrawn" from that particular ring and the judge's book will so indicate; however, the entry is eligible for competition in all other rings. When the advertised judge is unable to officiate, [or when an alternate judge is employed because more than 200 entries are present,] wins made under the substitute judge will be considered as having been earned under a "different judge" upon counting final awards for Grand Championships. Motion carried with Graham, Mullen, and Parris opposed and Ohira abstaining.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

99. Unanimous consent to reject the proposal to amend Show Rule 215.1 below:

Amend Show Rule 215.1 to read: Judges may not enter any cat or kitten for competition in any part of a show or shows licensed by TICA at which they are judging, except in cases of emergency as defined in 215.1.1 and 215.1.2. AND Add: 215.1.3 Members of a judge’s household may enter cats on the day their household member is judging, provided all of the following conditions are met:

a. The cat was not bred by the judge;

b. The household member is present at the show handling the cat

c. No agent is allowed

d. The judge is not a co-owner of the cat.

The proposal to add Show Rule 216.12.12 was withdrawn by Barrett.

100. Motion was made by Smith and seconded by Barrett to change Standing Rule 109.2 to read: All Semi-Annual Meetings shall be held in the vicinity of the Executive Office in Harlingen, Texas, or at a location approved by the Board of Directors. Motion carried with Graham opposed.

Standing Rules

101. Unanimous consent to accept proposal for Standing Rule 1014.3 to read: TREND Fee. The fee for a 500-word article to be published in the TICA TREND is $30. Candidates may include a photo with the statement. Statements are limited to the October/November TREND.

102. Unanimous consent to accept the following changes to the Standing Rules:

203.1.1 Chausie's with a 3rd generation non-domestic ancestor may be shown in Evaluation Class with full disclosure for any judge handling the cat.

203.1.2 Savannah’s with a 3rd generation non-domestic ancestor may be shown in Evaluation Class with full disclosure for any judge handling the cat.

103. Unanimous consent to add to the Standing Rules:

204.3 At the option of the club, each entry may include a nominal fee to help defray the cost of expenses of the Regional Director. Said fee, to be determined by the club, shall not exceed $1.00 per entry.

204.3.1 The club shall account for and remit such fees to the regional fund.

104. Unanimous consent to change the Standing Rules as below: Delete 601.2.25.5 and 601.2.25.6 as written.

Amend 901.4.3.4, 901.4.3.5 and 901.4.3.6 as follows:

901.4.3.4 Regional Awards. Regional Awards will be presented to the 20 cats, kittens, alters, household pets, household pet kittens. and the 20 longhair cats and 20 shorttail cats having the highest aggregate points of all cats, kittens, alters, household pets and household pet kittens, as applicable in the region. In order to receive a Regional Award, the owner of the cat, kitten, alter, household pet and household pet kitten must have exhibited the cat, kitten, alter, household pet or household pet kitten, as applicable, in at least one TICA sanctioned cat show in the region presenting the awards during the show year for which the regional award was earned. All awards earned during the show year will be listed accordingly for every region or recognized area and internationally.

901.4.3.4.1 All winners are notified by letter by the appropriate Regional Director.

901.4.3.4.2 The Top 2 Cats in each color of their respective breeds receive a color certificate by mail from the appropriate Regional Director.

901.4.3.4.3 The Top 20 Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens, in each region are featured in a visual media presentation at the Regional Banquet.

901.4.3.4.4 The Regional Top 20 Longhair Cats and Shorttail Cats, and Breed Award winners, are honored at the Regional Awards Banquet.

901.4.3.4.5 The Top 10 Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens are featured in the TICA YEARBOOK in black and white free of charge. (Some regions purchase pages in the TICA YEARBOOK to feature the 11th-20th Top Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens in black and white.)

901.4.3.5 International Awards. International Awards will be presented to the 20 cats, kittens, alters, household pets, household pet kittens, and the 20 longhair cats and 20 shorttail cats having the highest aggregate points of all cats, kittens, alters, household pets and household pet kittens, as applicable in the association during the applicable show year. All awards earned during the show year will be listed accordingly for every region or recognized area and internationally.

901.4.3.5.1 The Top 20 Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens, are featured in a visual media presentation at the Annual Awards Banquet and in the TICA YEARBOOK in color, free of charge.

901.4.3.5.2 The Top 20 longhair and shorttail cats, and the Best Cat in each breed are honored at the Annual Awards Banquet.

901.4.3.5.3 International Best of Breed winners are pictured in the TICA YEARBOOK.

901.4.3.6 The Executive Office is responsible for the International Awards. After Regional Directors’ lists are furnished, notification letters are mailed to International Award Winners.

105. Unanimous consent to accept the changes to the description of Brown Tabby to read: Pattern to be black; ground color ranging from a rich tawny brown, tan, or yellow to a cold beige color depending on the amount of rufousing present.

106. Unanimous consent to refer the TICA Annual Meeting/Awards Banquet Guidelines to the Rules and Technical Terminology Committee.

Referred to Rules and Technical Terminology Committee

107. Unanimous consent to add to the Standing Rules 209.2.1: The Uniform Final Sheets provided by the Executive Office in the show supplies must be used in the marked catalogs sent to the Executive Office. Failure to submit marked Uniform Final Sheets with the marked catalogs will result in a fine of $25 as directed by the Board of Directors.

Standing Rules

108. Unanimous consent for the Board to consider catteries and members linked to the TICA website during the Business Plan meeting at the 2002 Annual Meeting.

Referred to the Annual Meeting

109. Unanimous consent to adjourn.  

February 15, 2002

To: TICA Board of directors

From: TICA Yearbook Editor

It is a great joy to present the 2001 TICA Yearbook to you at this time. Your confidence in me inspired me to live up to the promise I made to “present a quality yearbook in a timely manner”. I hope it meets your expectations.

During this past year, the staff and I sold more than 425 of this year’s yearbook before publication, in addition to many previous yearbooks at the 2001 Annual. We currently have six shows in this region that are donating booth space for yearbook sales. We increased the number of ads, and expect to do so again. We have included the Catalog of the Year, countless members of the year, and wonderful pictures for Regional shows and banquets. We increased the number of pages per region and the number of pages for In Memory, Supremes and Grands. We also included many suggestions from the membership.

Our goals this year for the 2002 yearbook are to increase sales, sell past issues of the yearbook, work toward an all-color yearbook, acquire more pictures of regional winners, move to all digital where possible, and have the yearbook to the publishers earlier. I do need some help here. I am asking each board member to please talk to your members and

• Persuade them to advertise, and do it early

• Utilize the Breeders Listing

• Urge them to have their cats’ pictures taken

• Have them send their pictures as soon as possible

• Include SASE envelopes for picture return

• Suggest publishing their Lifetime Achievement winners

• Encourage them to consider writing breed articles

• Establish a regional fund for yearbook pages

• Buy a yearbook, or two

Again, I thank you for your trust and confidence, for your continued help and consideration, and your future support and understanding.

Sincerely,

JOHN HARRISON, TICA Yearbook Editor

AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES - TICA YEARBOOK

This Agreement for Services (“Agreement”) is by and between The International Cat Association, Inc. (“TICA”) a Texas non-profit corporation, Post Office Box 2684, Harlingen, Texas, 78551, and John Harrison (“Harrison”) of 7354 Meadow Breeze, San Antonio, Texas, 78227-1629.

1. DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES.  

Harrison will provide to TICA the following services (collectively, the “Services”): Editing, production and shipping of the Volume 23, 2001-2002 Annual Yearbook, Volume 24, 2002-2003 Annual Yearbook, and Volume 25, 2003-2004 Annual Yearbook, (“yearbook”), specifically including, but not limited to, the following:

Inclusion of all the following photographs, information and listings, unless otherwise specified by the Board of Directors: Top 20 International Winners in each category

Top 20 Regional Winners in each category

Judge of the year

Judges, including Trainees

Executive Office Staff

Clerks, including Trainees

Awards for all breeds recognized for championship

A minimum of two informational articles

Any other items mandated by the rules of TICA

Offering the following photographs, information and listings to individuals and/or

organizations, at an additional fee:

Color Winners

Supreme Grand photographs

Other Title photographs

Outstanding Sire and Dam photographs

In Memory Photographs

Breeder Directory listings

Solicitation, design and production of advertising; advertising will be for TICA registered catteries ONLY, with no mention of other associations;

Providing to each member of the Board of Directors, at no charge, a personalized, engraved copy of the Yearbook;

Providing all necessary overhead items in connection with the Services, including, but not limited to office space, telephones, copiers, fax machines, computers and other office equipment and supplies. Harrison shall be reimbursed for expenses only as set forth in paragraph 2.

2002 Semi-Annual Meeting, Page 14

Forwarding to the TICA Executive Office all remaining copies of the Yearbook after the

initial shipment;

Forwarding all payments received relating to the Yearbook to the Executive Office.

2. DUTIES OF TICA.

TICA shall:

Reimburse Harrison monthly for approved expenses incurred, (not limited to telephone charges, postage, printing, office supplies and etc.,) upon submission by Harrison of an itemized Expense Report Form with original receipts attached; Accept an Assistant Editor, as approved by Harrison, for a fee of up to $2,000 per year; fee to be paid upon request of Harrison; Reimburse the Assistant Editor, reasonable expenses, as approved by the Board of Directors and Harrison, upon submission by approved Assistant Editor of an itemized Expense Report Form with original receipts attached; Pay to the printer the total charges for the printing of the Yearbook; Provide to Harrison labels for advertising and distribution of forms; Provide to Harrison, as soon as available, listings of all winners, title winners, judges, clerks, officials, and other items for inclusion in the yearbook, unless otherwise available to Harrison; Provide Harrison access to the Temporary Suspension List for any non-collectable debts; Encourage its Regional Directors to provide corrections to Harrison as soon as available; Make financial records of the Yearbook available to Harrison; Include the Yearbook order form in each notification of International and Regional Awards.

3. PAYMENT OF SERVICES. 

In exchange for the Services TICA will pay compensation to Harrison for the Services of $8,000.00, in quarterly (April, July, October, and January) installment payment(s) of $2,000.00 each, beginning in April, 2002. In the event initial shipping of the yearbook occurs on or before February 15th of each year, Harrison shall be paid an additional fee of $2000.00.

4. TERM. 

This Agreement will terminate automatically upon completion by Harrison of the Services required by this agreement.

5. WORK PRODUCT OWNERSHIP.

Any copyrightable works, ideas, discoveries, inventions, patents, products, or other information (collectively the “Work Product”) developed in whole or in part by Harrison in connection wit the Services will be the exclusive property of TICA. Upon request, Harrison will execute all documents necessary to confirm or perfect the exclusive ownership of TICA to the Work Product.

6. CONFIDENTIALITY. 

Harrison, and his employees, agents , or representatives will not at any time or in any manner, either directly or indirectly, use for the personal benefit of Harrison, or divulge, disclose, or communicate in any manner, any information that is proprietary to TICA. Harrison and his employees, agents and representatives will protect such information and treat it as strictly confidential. This provision will continue to be effective after the termination of the Agreement. Upon termination of this agreement, Harrison will return to TICA all records, notes, documentation and other items that were used, created, or controlled by Harrison during the term of this Agreement.

7. INDEMNIFICATION.

Harrison agrees to indemnify and hold TICA harmless from all claims, losses, expenses, fees including attorney fees, costs, and judgments that may be asserted against TICA that result from the acts or omissions of Harrison and/or Harrison’s employees, agents, or representatives.

8. WARRANT. 

Harrison shall provide its services and meet its obligations under this Agreement in a timely and workmanlike manner, using knowledge and recommendations for performing the services which meet generally acceptable standards in Harrison’s community and region, and will provide a standard of care equal to, or superior to, care used by service providers similar to Harrison on similar projects.

9. REMEDIES. 

In addition to any and all other rights a party may have available according to law, if a party defaults by failing to substantially perform any provision, term or condition of this Agreement (including without limitation the failure to make a monetary payment when due), the other party may terminate the Agreement by providing written notice to the defaulting party. This notice shall described with sufficient detail the nature of the default. The party receiving such notice shall have 30 days from the effective date of such notice to cure the default(s) within such time period shall result in the automatic termination of this Agreement.

10. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. 

This Agreement contains the entire agreement of the parties, and there are no other promises or conditions in any other agreement whether oral or written concerning the subject matter of this agreement. This Agreement supersedes any prior written or oral agreements between the parties.

11. SEVERABILITY. 

If any provision of the Agreement will be held to be invalid or unenforceable for any reason, the remaining provisions will continue to be valid and enforceable. If a court finds that any provision it would become valid and enforceable, then such provision will be deemed to be written, construed, and enforced as so limited.

12. AMENDMENT. 

This Agreement may be modified or amended in writing, if the writing is signed by the party obligated under the amendment.

13. GOVERNING LAW. 

This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas.

14. NOTICE. 

Any notice or communication required or permitted under this Agreement shall be sufficiently given if delivered in person or by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the address set forth in the opening paragraph or to such other address as on party may have furnished to the other in writing.

15. ASSIGNMENT. 

Neither party may assign or transfer this Agreement without the prior written consent of the non-assigning party, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.

Pending approval of Legal Advisor:

Computer Report

The TICA Data System (TDS) replaces the original separate programs for membership, cat registrations, litter registrations, scoring and DAR (daily activity records).

Steps used to develop the new system were:

1. Confirm and document the TICA Executive Office business processes and business rules. The resulting document is the TICA Data Dictionary.

2. Design new data structures to combine the separate systems into one data environment.

3. Build new screens, reports and database containers, accessible from any computer at the Executive Office.

4. Transition the existing data into the new system. This required changing field types and splitting data into separate tables.

5. Upgrade all desktops to Windows 2000 Professional. Replace all WIN95 computers.

6. Current project status is the Transition Phase. We will be testing the programs, adding new business logic and reports and training the staff on the new system.

TICA Data Systems (TDS)

* Past ..........DOS - where we came from and why

* Present......Windows - where we are and what we can do

* Future.......Work flow automation - where we are going and what that gives TICA

PAST - System(S)

* Five custom programs designed to support the business rules and processes of the Executive Office.

- Membership - Registration - Litters - Scoring - DAR

- Dos Based - FoxPro 2

- Programs maintain data separate

- Not Available at every computer

- Windows 95

In the past, the Executive Office had DOS based programs running on a mixture of DOS and windows computers. These programs were custom written to match the Executive Office business processes and work flow. The business logic contained in these systems is still the same and is the foundation for the new systems. 

These programs are considered past only because they are separate programs not available at all computers and were not written in today’s windows tools. Compatibility with Windows 2000 is not supported. As TICA grows, the amount of work is increasing and the time to deliver is decreasing while the desire for higher quality output is greater. These changes have motivated TICA to move from a character, DOS-based system to a graphical multi-user windows system.

With DOS Registration, we had:

* Custom screen and menu centered around Executive Office processes

* Keyboard driven (no mice)

* Not multiuser

The DOS-based programs had:

* Limited menus

* Limited look-up methods and speed

* Character limitations in screen usage

With the new TICA Data System, we have:

* One custom program that joins all the business rules and data in one system.

Clients - Registration - Litters - Scoring - DAR

Windows - Visual Fox 7 - Visual Pro Matrix - XL

One database

All data available at each computer Windows 2000 Professional

Windows 2000 Professional is a 100mb Ethernet network with file and print sharing across the network running a business driven relational database application. TICA programs are written in Visual FoxPro 7 (VFP7) supporting XL data transfer protocol utilizing a framework from Visual Pro Matrix (VPM). This combination of tools and methods will protect the investment that TICA has in both programs and data. VFP7 has migration methods to SQL if required and VPM is a development method that simplifies production of and changes to the data and programs. VPM is framework for VFP7, in-short, a document and supported automation method that establishes standards. This allows reuse of code and reduces the learning curve if another programmer needs to be added to the development effort.

This protects the TICA investment and is enhanced because VPM also offers programming support.

The TICA Data System is sever-based with expanded menus, and flexible and fast lockups. Each screen has the same character to reduce training time. The client data is connected to many child records for cattery, breeds, litters and registrations, so that one client has many connections. The future Work Flow Automation will be accomplished with by completing the transition to TDS by enhancing the system to support realtime work-piece tracking with Scoring and Confirmations at the center of the system to notify clients of pending titles and automate the scoring process. Since many changes were made to produce one data system, a transition period that trains the Executive Office staff and confirms the business rules in the new system must be conducted. Then the foundation for Scoring/Confirmations and work flow tracking will be in place to complete the system. The work in the Executive Office is measured, for the most part, on what is most visible to the membership. Scoring and confirmations is the most visible. It is the measured result of breeding and shows. The speed and accuracy that work is completed is secondary. By moving to one data system we are prepared to finish the scoring system so that it receives data from the shows and tracks confirmations for TICA registered cats.

In addition, most often when the phone rings at TICA it represents a question about the status of work in process. The staff at TICA needs the computer system to know this status so that the call consumes the least time and effort and immediate information is given to the client. That is work flow automation and will now be possible with an integrated system.

The TICA Data System is a proprietary system owned solely by TICA. All the resulting programs, reports and data are the property of TICA. It has financial value and should be secured. It is important to remember that much of the development at TICA is done in a production environment. In this way, the programs match the work and fit the business processes. It is how a new system is produced and installed while continuing the regular work flow. It has been made possible through the applied knowledge and great effort of the TICA Executive Office Staff.

TICA Trend Financial Report, July-December 2001

Volume 22, Numbers 4-6

Production Cost: $24,211.93

Total Income: 5,726.90

Total Cost: $18,485.03

2001 Year-End Report: Volume 22, Number 1-6

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 Total

#pages: 64 #60 36 *48 •68 36 312

#printed: 2,450 2,600 2,900 2,350 3,100 3,300 16,700

Total Production: $7,948.34 $7,455.28 $6,337.97 $7,286.92¤$11,096.22 $8,900.13 $49,024.86

Income: 2,478.80 922.00 1,983.60 3,193.40 2,772.00 2,842.00 14,191.80

Total Cost: $5,469.54 $6,533.28 $4,354.37 $4,093.52 $8,324.22 $6,058.13 $34,833.06

Per Copy Cost: $2.23 $2.51 $1.50 $1.74 $2.69 $1.84 $2.09

# Show Reports removed from Trend

*Regional Awards Trend

•International Awards Trend

¤Printing costs increased due to having extra copies printed after the first printing

Because of the dramatic increase in Trend postage in Volume 2, Number 5, I feel it’s appropriate to add the following chart:

International members, including Canada: No. 1 746

No. 2 812

No. 3 921

No. 4 879

No. 5 1,403

No. 6 1,452

Three-Year Comparison

Vol. 20 (1999) Vol. 21 (2000) Vol. 22 (2001)

#pages: 348 368 312

#printed: 16,520 14,900 16,700

Total Production: $53,010.14 $46,060.82 $49,024.86

Income: 11,946.20 13,570.60 14,191.80

Total Cost: $41,063.94 $32,490.22 $34,833.06

Per Copy Cost: $2.49 $2.18 $2.09

 

CHAUSIE (CU)

HEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 points

Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Muzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 40 points

Torso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Boning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Musculature . . . . . . . . . . 7

COAT/COLOR/PATTERN . . . . . . 20 points

Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

CATEGORY: Traditional.

DIVISION: Solid and Tabby Divisions.

COLORS: Black, Brown Ticked Tabby, and Silver Tipped.

HEAD:

Shape: Broad modified wedge, medium in size with a long, sloping forehead and high angular cheekbones. The muzzle is long and squared a tthe end. A change in direction at the sides of the muzzle gives the appearance of rounded whisker pads.

Eyes: Medium, walnut-shaped and set on bias to just below the outside edge of the ear. Preferred eye color in the brown ticked tabby is gold, with hazel to light green and yellow allowed. Preferred eye color in black and silver tipped is yellow, with gold and hazel allowed.

Profile: Long sloping forehead flows into the rise between the eyes, continuing down with a slight change of direction before the end of the noes. End of nose turns down slightly to meet the nose leather.

Ears: Large, wide at the base, should be taller than the width of the base set equally on top and the side of the head with a slight flare and tapering to slightly rounded tips. Ears tufts preferred, but lack of tufts is not a penalty.

Neck: The muscular neck is of medium length and thickness.

Muzzle: Long and squared at the end with a whisker break that enhances appearance of rounded whisker pads.

Chin: Strong, full, both in profile and frontal view and with substantial depth.

Nose: Medium-wide with good breadth between the eyes. Nose leather is full and fleshy.

BODY:

Torso: Long, lean and substantial; the large rectangular body is strong and athletic, with a full chest and good depth of body without any roundness of the ribcage.

Legs: The legs are moderately long, well muscled with medium boning. The hind legs are slightly longer than the front, as the cat is built for running and leaping.

Feet: The legs are round and small in comparison to the overall size of the cat.

Tail: Three-quarter or full length tail acceptable; the 3/4 tail has less vertebrae and is preferred. Both tail lengths should be of medium thickness and fully articulated.

Musculature: The musculature of the Chausie is long and lean rather than bulky.

Boning: The Chausie has a medium to large boning with long, lithe legs, giving the Chausie a tall, substantial yet elegant look.

COAT/COLOR/PATTERN:

Length: Short to medium, with enough length to accommodate at least two bands of ticking. Allowance for slightly longer coat in kittens.

Texture: A dense, coarse, resilient coat.

COLORS:

Brown ticked tabby: A mouse-gray color next to the skin with sandy-gray to reddish-gold base coat. The coat will have two or more bands of color in the ticking. Reverse ticking and/or flecking may also be present on the face and barring should appear on the upper front legs, to the hock on the back legs and on the black tipped tail. Barring may or may not be present on the neck. Faint tabby markings on the body may be present but not preferred. The backs of the ears will have "thumbprint" markings of a lighter color. A white or off-white color should outline the eyes and muzzle. Nose leather pink to brick red. The underside will range in color from white or off-white to sandy-gold. Stomach may appear flecked, speckled or spotted.

Black: Solid black.

Silver tipped: This is a black-based cat with agouti ticking ending in either lightened tips, dark tips, or a combination of both on the same cat. Faint trabby markings may occur. This color is derived from the Jungle Cat–it does not seem to be determined by the inhibitor gene I as known in the domestic cat. Ear furnishings will appear silver and will be banded. Nose leather and paw pads will be black.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Chausie is a statuesque cat, tall,k upright, medium to large framed, and regal in stance with the musculature of an agile hunter. Males will be proportionately with the males being proportionately larger than the females. The goal of the Chausie program is to create a good-natured domestic cat with the look and beauty of the Jungle Cat. They have large, mobile, tufted ears, long legs and a naturally short tail, reaching to the hock. The Chausie should be amenable to handling and must not show signs of challenge.

ALLOWANCES: Hazel to light green eye color allowed. Full-length tails are acceptable though not preferred.

PENALIZE: Gooseberry Green eyes. A cat that is refined or too heavily boned. A cat void of tabby markings on the legs or tail. Definite spotting on the body (faint pattern only allowed).

WITHHOLD ALL AWARDS: Tail too short, resulting from a mutated gene (MX /PB/BB). Tail kinked or lacking flexibility. Polydactyl feet. True mackerel or classic pattern. White lockets. Any colors other than the three allowable colors.

– – – – –

Temperament must be unchallenging; any sign of definite challenge shall disqualify. The cat may exhibit fear, seek to flee, or generally complain aloud but may not threaten to harm."

Evidence of intent to deceive the judge by artificial means, cats with all or part of their tail missing (except those breeds whose standard calls for this feature), totally blind cats, cats having more or less than five toes on each front foot and four on each back foot (unless proved to be the result of an injury or as authorized by a Board approved standard), male cats in the adult championship class which do not have two descended testicles, and, at the discretion of the judge, tail faults (visible or invisible) and/or crossed eyes shall be disqualified from championship competition.

See Show Rules, ARTICLE SIXTEEN for comprehensive rules governing penalties/disqualifications applying to all breeds.

 

NORWEGIAN FOREST (NF)

HEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 points

Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Ears . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8

Eyes .. . . . . . . . . . . .  8

Chin . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4

Muzzle . . . . . . . . . . .  4

Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 points

Torso . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7

Tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Boning . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Musculature . . . . . . . . 7

COAT AND COLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 points

Length . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Texture . . . . . . . . . . . 20

CATEGORY: Traditional.

DIVISION: All Divisions.

COLORS: All Colors.

HEAD:

Shape: Triangular, where all sides are equally long when measured from the outer base of the ears to the chin and between the outer base of the ears; good height when seen in profile; forehead is sloped back.

Eyes: Large, almond shaped, set obliquely. Alert expression. All eye colors except odd-eyes or blue permitted regardless of coat color. Odd-eyes and blue eyes permitted in white and with white only.

Ears: Large, wide at the base, arched forward as if listening, slightly rounded tips that appear pointed when lynx tips are present. Lynx tips and furnishings that extend beyond the outer edge of each ear are desirable. The outer edge of the ear should follow the line of the head down to the chin.

Muzzle: Following the line of the triangular head, with no evidence of pinch or snippiness.

Profile: Long, straight profile from tip of nose to brow without break in line, i.e., no stop.

Neck: Muscular; medium in length.

BODY:

Torso: Medium long and substantial.

Legs: In proportion to the body length, with hind legs higher than fore legs.

Feet: Large, round, well-tufted.

Tail: Long and bushy. Should be at least as long as the body.

Boning: Substantial.

Musculature: Strongly built and sturdy.

COAT/COLOR:

Length: Semi-long.

Texture: The dense, woolly undercoat is covered by a smooth, water repellant upper coat which consists of long, coarse and glossy hair covering the back and the sides. A fully coated cat has a full ruff and britches.

Colors: All colors of all divisions of the traditional category are recognized including all colors with white. Any amount of white is allowed anywhere on the cat.

OTHER:

Balance: Muscular and well- proportioned.

Condition: Not applicable/ assumed.

Temperament: Intelligent and independent.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Norwegian Forest cat has evolved through the centuries as a product of its environment. They had to feed, defend, and protect themselves from the elements in the forests. Only the cats that were good hunters and fast to escape from predators survived. Norwegian Forest cats that survived their first winter had the correct, semi-long, water-repellant coat and were well-proportioned, strong, and intelligent. These no nonsense traits carry into the show ring. The Norwegian Forest

cat is intelligent, independent and alert to its surroundings. A Norwegian Forest cat A Norwegian Forest cat is large to medium-large size overall and strongly built. They are high on their legs, with a medium long, rectangular body. Their hind legs are higher than

their fore legs. They are muscular and heavily boned. Their head is tri-angular, with all three sides equal when measured between the outer base of each ear and from these points to the chin. The profile is long and straight with no break or stop and displays a

strong chin. Their eyes are expressive, large, wide almond-shaped, and set on an oblique tilt. Their ears are large, open and set in line with the triangular shape of the head. They may be well-tufted and have lynx tips. Their tail is long, flowing and carried high.

The Norwegian Forest cat is known for its dense, rich fur with a woolly undercoat covered by long, coarse guard hairs. This coat is warm and water-repellant. A fully coated cat has a full ruff and britches. In the summer, the coat is short. The coat feels dense, especially on tabbies. Solid, bicolor and tri-color cats often have a softer coat. The length of the Norwegian Forest cat coat is semilong, which means that it should not be as long as a Persian coat. The overall appearance is of an alert, healthy, firm, muscular and well-proportioned cat. The males are large and imposing, often weighing 12-15 pounds or more. The females can be considerably smaller. This breed is not fully developed until 5 years of age.

ALLOWANCES:

Buttons, spots and lockets allowed in all colors. Length of coat and density of undercoat vary with the seasons. Under no circumstances should a cat be penalized for having a semi-long coat. Coat is evaluated primarily on texture and quality. Allow for size difference between males and females. Very slow maturing of this breed should be taken into account. Mature males may have broader heads than females.

PENALIZE:

Too small and finely built cats. Round or square head; profile with a break (stop). Round eyes. Ears too small or narrow at the base. Legs that are short, thin - not in proportion to the body, or cowhocked. Short tail. Cobby or extremely long body. Dry or silky texture on coat.

– – – – –

Temperament must be unchallenging; any sign of definite challenge shall disqualify. The cat may exhibit fear, seek to flee, or generally complain aloud but may not threaten to harm."

Evidence of intent to deceive the judge by artificial means, cats with all or part of their tail missing (except those breeds whose standard calls for this feature), totally blind cats, cats having more or less than five toes on each front foot and four on each back foot (unless proved to be the result of an injury or as authorized by a Board approved standard), and, at the discretion of the judge, tail faults (visible or invisible) and/or crossed eyes shall be disqualified from championship competition.

See Show Rules, ARTICLE SIXTEEN for comprehensive rules governing penalties/disqualifications applying to all breeds.  

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EL CONTROL QUIMICO DEL COMPORTAMIENTO  (y II)

Comportamiento animal, un enfoque evolutivo y ecológico, Madrid 2001.         

Richard Maier, universidad de Loyola (Chicago, EEUU).

 

HORMONAS  

La idea de que en el interior del cuerpo había diversas sustancias químicas que regulaban su funcionamiento normal se remonta a la antigüedad. El médico griego Hipócrates sugirió que la buena salud era el resultado de un perfecto equilibrio entre cuatro fluidos. Pero hasta el año 1840 no se realizó ningún experimento propiamente dicho sobre las hormonas. A.Berthold castró a  varios gallos, observó los cambios que se producían en su comportamiento y después les reimplantó los testículos. Berthold comprobó que los animales volvían a presentar conductas sexuales normales y concluyó que los testículos liberan alguna sustancia en la sangre cuya función consiste en regular la conducta sexual.

En la primera parte del siglo XX los investigadores empezaron a experimentar sistemáticamente con sustancias extraídas de glándulas endocrinas y se utilizó por primera vez el término hormona. El método general de Barthold consiste en extirpar una glándula endocrina, observar los cambios comportamentales, restablecer los niveles hormonales y volver a observar los cambios comportamentales, sigue siendo un procedimiento experimental muy extendido en la actualidad. Sin embargo, hiy en día también es posible identificar los efectos locales de las hormonas implantando hormonas en áreas concretas del cuerpo del animal, sobre todo en determinadas partes del cerebro. Entonces, los investigadores pueden observar los efectos específicos tanto en el comportamiento como en la actividad neural y hacer inferencias sobre la función que desempeña cada hormona (véase Turner y Bagnara, 1976).

Los investigadores también pueden observar los efectos de lasa diferencias naturales sobre los niveles hormonales. Estas diferencias pueden relacionarse con factores como la posición de los fetos de rata en el útero materno o la insensibilidad congénita a ciertas hormonas.

La mayoría de las glándulas endocrinas, sobre todo en los vertebrados, liberan las hormonas directamente en el terreno sanguíneo. Una vez en el torrente sanguíneo, las hormonas viajan por el cuerpo del animal, a menudo ejerciendo su influjo en partes alejadas de la glándula secretora. Como ocurre con las feromonas, las hormonas tienen dos tipos generales de efectos. Los efectos organizadores estimulan cambios estructurales relativamente permanentes en la organización neural Estos cambios suelen tener lugar durante los períodos sensibles del desarrollo propios de las primeras etapas de la vida.

Sin embargo, los efectos activadores son transitorios y solamente perduran mientras la hormona se encuentra en grandes cantidades. Como indica su nombre, es te tipo de efectos activan patrones neurales que ya estaban presentes.

Conducta reproductora

A continuación, analizaremos los efectos organizadores y activadores que tienen las hormonas sexuales sobre la conducta reproductora. Dos hormonas esteroides íntimamente relacionadas entre sí y producidas por las gónadas (la testosterona y el estradiol), ejercen un influjo fundamental sobre la conducta sexual. La similitud existente entre estas dos hormonas sexuales se pone de manifiesto tanto en la estructura bioquímica como en el proceso de síntesis. De hecho, el estradiol se sintetiza a partir de la testosterona, con la ayuda de un enzima. Muchas células cerebrales contienen este enzima, por lo que la testosterona puede entrar en una célula, sufrir un proceso de síntesis y transformarse en estradiol, produciendo el efecto propio de una molécula de éste último tipo (Bonsall et al., 1992).

Tener un nivel elevado de testosterona es básico para distintos aspectos de la sexualidad masculina. Asimismo, tener un escaso nivel de testosterona es básico para la sexualidad femenina.

La testosterona es el miembro más influyente de un tipo de hormonas denominadas andrógenos. Lamentablemente, el término andrógeno, derivado de la palabra griega “hombre”, confunde un poco, ya que los andrógenos pueden afectar al comportamiento de las hembras, aparte de al de los machos. Comparativamente, el estradiol es la hormona más potente del grupo de los estrógenos, un tipo de hormonas cuyo nombre deriva del término griego “mujer”. De nuevo, el término estrógeno crea cierta confusión, ya que los estrógenos pueden afectar tanto al comportamiento de los machos como al de las hembras.

Varias clases de vertebrados producen testosterona y estradiol, y la composición bioquímica de cada una de estas hormonas es muy similar en todas ellas. Consistentemente con esta similitud, la misma hormona que influye sobre el desarrollo de la tendencia a aparearse de los machos de rana estimula el crecimiento de la melena en los macho de  león. Por lo tanto, aunque las funciones específicas de las hormonas sexuales han cambiado, no ha tenido lugar ningún cambio evolutivo en la estructura de estas hormonas a lo largo de muchos millones de años.

Efectos organizadores de las hormonas sobre la conducta reproductora

Los fetos de rata expuestos a distintas cantidades de testosterona en condiciones naturales, desarrollan distintos grados de masculinización. Las investigaciones sobre los efectos de la castración también han aportado pruebas de que durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo la testosterona tiene un efecto organizador sobre los centros nerviosos relacionados con la reproducción. Por ejemplo, los machos de rata que tienen cantidades normales de testosterona desarrollan un área pre-óptica que es el doble de grande que el área pre-óptica de los machos castrados inmediatamente después del nacimiento (Jacobson, 1978). El área pre-óptica está implicada en la conducta sexual de los machos.

Puesto que la testosterona  posee un efecto masculinizante sobre el desarrollo de los órganos sexuales y de las estructuras cerebrales relacionadas con la conducta sexual, no debe extrañar que exista una relación significativa entre el nivel de testosterona y la conducta sexual. Por lo tanto, si se castra a un macho nada más nacer, presentará una menor tendencia a implicarse en comportamientos sexuales cuando sea adulto, incluso aunque posteriormente se le inyecte testosterona. Asimismo presentará una tendencia incrementada a manifestar conductas propias de las hembras, otro ejemplo de la feminización. En consonancia con estos resultados, las hembras de rata a quienes se les inyecta testosterona nada más nacer, cuando se hacen adultas presentan menos conductas propias de las hembras y más conductas propias de los machos (Svare, 1988).

Los principios de la masculinización y de la feminización (relacionados con la presencia o ausencia de testosterona durante un período sensible del desarrollo), son aplicables a los efectos organizadores de las hormonas sobre varias estructuras y comportamientos relacionados con el apareamiento. de todos modos, los períodos sensibles para el desarrollo neural específico y el desarrollo del potencial para la conducta sexual no coinciden en el tiempo.

Efectos activadores: comportamiento sexual masculino

La testosterona estimula el desarrollo de los caracteres sexuales secundarios masculinos, como el plumaje llamativo de muchas aves, la cornamenta de algunos ungulados y la melena de los leones. La producción de testosterona está regulada por una hormona segregada por la hipófisis anterior denominada hormona folículo-estimulante (FSH) (1). En la mayoría de especies de aves y en muchos ungulados con cornamenta, la producción de FSH es sensible a la longitud del ciclo diario (la duración del día). Consecuentemente, la producción de FSH es estacional, y los machos sólo desarrollan los caracteres sexuales secundarios durante la estación reproductora.

Sin embargo, en muchos mamíferos, como los leones, la producción de FSH es relativamente constante y, consecuentemente, los machos retienen los caracteres sexuales secundarios durante todo el año. Esta constancia es posible debido al circuito de retroalimentación negativa que se establece entre ciertas partes del cerebro y los testículos. Cuando el nivel de FSH es elevado, los testículos son inducidos a producir testosterona. pero, cuando los receptores del hipotálamo detectan un nivel elevado de testosterona en sangre, el hipotálamo envía un mensaje químico a la hipófisis anterior que reduce la producción de FSH. El descenso del nivel de FSH provoca una disminución de la producción de la testosterona. Una vez desciende el nivel de testosterona, cesa la inhibición de la producción de FSH, y, de este modo, vuelve a aumentar el nivel de testosterona. Este circuito de retroalimentación permite que la mayoría de los mamíferos retengan sus caracteres sexuales secundarios durante todo el año.

Además, los machos de mamífero manifiestan interés sexual durante todo el año, ya que el impulso sexual masculino suele estar directamente relacionado con el nivel de testosterona. De todas formas, hay algunas excepciones importantes a esta norma. La castración de un primate que ha tenido experiencias sexuales previamente no suele eliminar el interés sexual. Al parecer, la sexualidad de los primates depende menos de la testosterona y más de la experiencia que la sexualidad de la mayoría de los mamíferos no primates (Daly y Wilson, 1983).

Después de la eyaculación, los machos suelen entrar en un período refractario; es decir, un período durante el cual no reaccionan ante la estimulación sexual. ¿Cuál es la causa próxima de esta pérdida temporal del interés sexual? Al eyacular, se segregan dos hormonas producidas por la hipófisis anterior, la oxitocina y la prolactina, en grandes cantidades. Al parecer, estas hormonas inducen al reposo y provocan una pérdida del interés sexual inmediatamente después de la eyaculación (Oaknim et al., 1989).

Efectos activadores: comportamiento sexual femenino

En los mamíferos como la rata, la receptividad sexual de la hembra está regulada por dos hormonas: el estradiol y la progesterona, una hormona esteroide segregada por el cuerpo lúteo de los ovarios. Los resultados de las investigaciones en que se bloqueó experimentalmente la producción de estas hormonas indican que el estradiol “prepara” a la hembra. Después, si es estimulada por la progesterona en algún momento del período de tiempo comprendido entre las 18 y las 24 horas siguientes, la hembra se vuelve receptiva (Takahashi, 1990).

La preparación mediante el estradiol seguida de la estimulación mediante progesterona tiene otros efectos añadidos. Las hembras no son meras receptoras pasivas de los intentos de interacción sexual de los machos, sino que en muchos casos manifiestan proceptividad (2), o la tendencia a fomentar la interacción sexual con los machos. Por ejemplo, la hembra de rata agita las orejas, se agacha y pone la cola hacia un lado, conductas que, al parecer, excitan tremendamente a los machos.

El estradiol y la progesterona también incrementan el atractivo de las hembras provocando ciertos cambios corporales. Por ejemplo, la orina de las hembras de perro o de gato (Felis sp.) que están en estro atrae a los machos, a veces desde grandes distancias. Las hembras de chimpancé (Pan troglodytes) desarrollan un área rosada e hinchada en la zona genital que atrae a los machos coespecíficos.

La hormona FSH estimula la producción de estradiol en las hembras, de forma similar a lo que ocurre en los machos con la producción de testosterona. Cuando se inicia el ciclo estral o menstrual femenino, los niveles de FSH son bajos. Conforme van aumentando los niveles de FSH durante la primera parte del ciclo, se va segregando estradiol, que, a su vez, estimula la liberación de otra hormona producida por la hipófisis anterior: la hormona luteinizante (LH) (3). Esta hormona induce la ovulación y estimula el desarrollo del cuerpo lúteo y la producción de progesterona. Por último, cuando los niveles de estradiol y de progesterona alcanzan un umbral determinado, cesa la producción de FSH y de LH y la hembra inicia un nuevo ciclo. En otras palabras, la interacción entre las dos hormonas producidas por los ovarios (el estradiol y la progesterona) y las dos hormonas producidas por la hipófisis anterior (FSH y LH) regulan la recurrencia rítmica del ciclo reproductor femenino. 

En algunos primates, como el bonobo (Pan paniscus), las hembras son sexualmente receptivas durante la mayor parte del ciclo menstrual. Aparentemente, la receptividad de los bonobos no depende demasiado de los niveles de estradiol (véase Kano, 1992). Por lo menos parte de esta receptividad sexual continua a lo largo de todo el ciclo menstrual puede explicarse apelando a la relación existente entre la testosterona y la receptividad sexual. Los niveles de testosterona, hormona que en las hembras es segregada en cantidades reducidas por las glándula suprarrenales, correlacionan con el interés sexual (Everitt et al., 1972). Puesto que la testosterona se segrega durante todo el ciclo menstrual, esta hormona permite mantener el interés sexual en algunos primates durante todo el ciclo reproductor.

Efectos activadores: comportamiento maternal

Después del apareamiento, las hormonas siguen contribuyendo a los procesos reproductores influyendo sobre el comportamiento maternal. Los niveles elevados de progesterona y prolactina median conjuntamente conductas tan distintas como la incubación en la gallina doméstica (Gallus domesticus) o la lactancia en los mamíferos (véase Johnson, 1986).

Aparte de la progesterona y la prolactina, la oxitocina también interviene en la lactancia. La oxitocina estimula el reflejo de subida de la leche al área del pezón, una respuesta que es imprescindible para que una cría de mamífero pueda obtener leche al succionar. Cuando una cría de mamífero mama por primera vez, la estimulación de los pezones de la madre induce la liberación de oxitocina y la subsiguiente subida de la leche. Después, conforme la cría sigue mamando, la estimulación del pezón mantiene elevado el nivel de oxitocina, lo que, a su vez, estimula la producción de prolactina. Por último, los niveles elevados de prolactina permiten producir leche de forma continua. Este circuito de retroalimentación positiva permite que la madre mamífera produzca grandes cantidades de oxitocina y prolactina solamente durante la lactancia (Lehrman, 1961).

Durante la lactancia, las hembras de mamífero no entran en estro porque los niveles elevados de prolactina inhiben la producción de estradiol. Por lo tanto, la prolactina no sólo fomenta el comportamiento maternal, sino que también evita que la madre mantenga relaciones sexuales y se quede embarazada. El espaciamiento de los nacimientos forma parte de la estrategia reproductora tipo K.

A modo de conclusión, siempre tiene lugar una interacción entre el comportamiento y las hormonas. No sólo los niveles hormonales influyen sobre el comportamiento, sino que el comportamiento puede influir sobre los niveles hormonales.

La interacción entre las hormonas y las neuronas en la reproducción

El hecho de que estimular a un macho suministrándole testosterona durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo provoque un crecimiento del área pre-óptico es un ejemplo de cómo las hormonas interaccionan con las neuronas en el control de la conducta reproductora. Otro ejemplo lo encontramos en el desarrollo de receptores sensibles a la testosterona en las neuronas. Si se estimula a un animal suministrándole testosterona durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo tiene lugar un incremento de la cantidad de receptores neuronales para la testosterona en el área pre-óptica (Rosello et al., 1989). Por lo tanto, la masculinización provocada por la testosterona puede ser el resultado del incremento tanto de la cantidad de neuronas como de su sensibilidad a la testosterona.

En lo que se refiere a la feminización, existen pruebas de que la estimulación precoz con testosterona también provoca una reducción de la cantidad de receptores para los estrógenos en las neuronas del cerebro (Rainbow et al., 1984). En circunstancias normales, los machos desarrollan una cantidad relativamente escasa de receptores neuronales para los estrógenos y, por lo tanto, es menos probable que presenten comportamientos típicamente femeninos.

Conducta social

La testosterona no sólo influye directamente sobre el comportamiento sexual de los machos, sino que contribuye indirectamente al éxito reproductor de estos últimos incrementando su agresividad para con otros machos de la misma especie. La agresividad favorece el éxito en los enfrentamientos con otros machos y, en algunos casos, permite adquirir un territorio de apareamiento. El influjo de la testosterona sobre la agresividad también puede ser organizador o activador.

Efectos activadores de las hormonas sobre la agresión

En una gran variedad d animales, la testosterona tiene un efecto activador sobre la agresión. Los estudios experimentales avalan esta conclusión, ya que las inyecciones de testosterona suelen aumentar el nivel de agresividad entre machos, mientras que la castración los reduce. Esta facilitación de la agresión parece ser el resultado de la combinación de varios factores. En primer lugar, la testosterona puede disminuir el umbral de ataque, haciendo que el animal reaccione agresivamente en una mayor variedad de situaciones. En segundo lugar, la testosterona puede aumentar el nivel de atención a los estímulos relacionados con el ataque. Por ejemplo, el período de atención sostenida para con el oponente que precede al ataque parece alargarse cuando aumenta el nivel de testosterona. En tercer lugar, el crecimiento de la masa muscular y el aumento de tamaño que suele provocar la testosterona pueden favorecer indirectamente la tendencia a agredir. El hecho de ser más grande y fuerte aumenta las probabilidades de salir victorioso en un enfrentamiento; y, como ya hemos visto, la experiencia de ganar puede ser reforzante y potenciar la tendencia a provocar nuevos enfrentamientos. por último, el desarrollo de los caracteres sexuales secundarios inducido por la testosterona puede incrementar la tendencia de los machos coespecíficos a reaccionar agresivamente ante las señales de lucha (Archer, 1988).

Las múltiples formas en que la testosterona puede influir sobre la agresión se ponen de manifiesto en los machos de los pájaros cantores. Los machos con niveles de testosterona elevados desarrollan plumajes muy conspicuos, que tienden a desencadenar ataques procedentes de otros machos coespecíficos. Además, la testosterona favorece un incremento del nivel de actividad que recibe el nombre de inquietud migratoria. La inquietud migratoria se asocia a una tendencia a volar en determinada dirección, pero también incrementa la tendencia de los machos a comportarse de forma agresiva. Por último, la testosterona estimula a los machos a emitir sus cantos territoriales y de cortejo. Igual que los colores llamativos, estos cantos tienden a desencadenar los ataques de otros machos coespecíficos.

Aunque la relación existente entre agresión y testosterona es típicamente propia de los machos, en las hembras d algunas especies también se da esta relación. El clítoris desarrollado o seudo pene de las hembras de hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta) aparentemente evolucionó porque el proceso de selección natural favoreció niveles de agresividad elevados asociados a niveles elevados de testosterona. Las hienas necesitan ser agresivas para luchar por la comida, y el seudo pene se desarrolla en los fetos femeninos debido al elevado nivel de testosterona presente en el cuerpo de la madre durante el embarazo. En el andarríos maculado (Actitis macularia), un ave poliándrica, existe una relación similar entre agresividad y nivel de testosterona. La agresividad es importante en las hembras de esta especie porque deben enfrentarse con sus coespecíficas para establecer un territorio con el fin de atraer a los machos (Oring, 1985). Por lo tanto, en un número reducido de especies las hembras se benefician del hecho de ser muy agresivas. Al parecer, en estos casos evolucionó una tendencia a aprovechar la testosterona producida por las glándulas suprarrenales.

Parece ser que el estradiol tiene un efecto opuesto al de la testosterona, ya que reduce la agresividad. Si a una hembra se le extirpan experimentalmente los ovarios y se le inyecta testosterona, se comportará de forma agresiva con otras hembras, pero, si se le inyecta estradiol, disminuirá su nivel de agresividad (Van de Poll et al., 1988).

Efectos organizadores de las hormonas sobre la agresión

Como ya hemos visto, la escasa relevancia de los efectos activadores de las hormonas en algunos primates se ponen de manifiesto tanto en el comportamiento sexual como en el agresivo. Con la evolución del cerebro relativamente grande y sumamente diferenciado de los primates, el papel nuclear del aprendizaje ha tendido a eclipsar el influjo de los mecanismos hormonales. De todos modos, los efectos organizadores de las hormonas son tan básicos en el comportamiento de los primates como en el de cualquier otro animal.

Las hembras de macaco rhesus (Macaca mulatta) a quienes se les administra testosterona en las últimas fases del desarrollo fetal juegan más a pelearse después del nacimiento. Parece ser que los efectos prenatales de la testosterona (que normalmente se segrega durante un período de tiempo breve del desarrollo fetal masculino) organizan el desarrollo cerebral fomentando l agresividad, de forma similar a cómo esta misma hormona organiza el desarrollo cerebral en lo que se refiere a la conducta sexual. De todos modos, los efectos organizadores de carácter agresivo y de carácter sexual, no siguen la misma pauta temporal. La administración de testosterona durante las primeras fases des desarrollo fetal provoca hipersexualidad, mientras que la administración de testosterona durante las últimas fases del desarrollo fetal (poco antes del parto) provoca un incremento de la agresividad (Goy et al., 1988).

En los pájaros cantores, suele ser el estradiol, en vez de la testosterona, la hormona que tiene efectos organizadores sobre el canto y sobre la agresividad. De ahí que las hembras de estas especies, que suelen tener niveles bajos de estradiol durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo, no canten a pesar de que se les inyecte testosterona en la edad adulta. Solamente en el caso de que se les inyecte estradiol al poco de la eclosión y se les vuelva a inyectar esta misma hormona cuando alcancen la madurez sexual, cantarán como si fueran machos (Pohl-Apel y Sossinka, 1984). Estudios realizados con pinzones cebra (Taeniopygia guttata) han puesto de manifiesto cómo actúa el estradiol durante las primeras fases del desarrollo. Normalmente, el estradiol estimula el desarrollo de áreas neurales relacionadas con el canto solamente en los machos. Sin embargo, la implantación experimental de estradiol también estimula el crecimiento de estas áreas neurales en las hembras. Por ello, cuando alcanzan la edad adulta, las hembras pueden ser inducidas a cantar como los machos (DeVoogd, 1991).

A modo de conclusión, hemos visto que algunas hormonas tienen tanto efectos organizadores como activadores sobre el comportamiento social y reproductor. De todos modos, debemos tener en cuenta que no hay una línea clara entre los efectos organizadores y los activadores. Por ejemplo, el efecto activador de una hormona puede ser aplazado, tardando varios días o incluso semanas en ponerse de manifiesto. Este aplazamiento del efecto puede obedecer al tiempo necesario para que la hormona se metabolice o se descomponga, o bien a las complejas interacciones que se establecen entre las hormonas. En cualquier caso, las dicotomías raramente son absolutas, como hemos visto ya en varias ocasiones.

El estrés

Vamos a analizar las respuestas hormonales a las experiencias estresantes, respuestas que ayudan a entender por qué el estrés a largo plazo puede ser sumamente perjudicial para la salud de un animal.

Las respuestas ante el estrés en los adultos

Los animales presentan el mismo tipo de reacción fisiológica general ante un depredador y ante un coespecífico amenazante, independientemente de que el animal amenazado se disponga a atacar, a huir o a quedarse completamente inmóvil. Las hormonas epinefrina y norepinefrina, segregadas por la médula suprarrenal, sirven para movilizar los recursos corporales y aportar energía extra (ambas funcionan también como neurotransmisores). Cuando un animal está expuesto a una amenaza continua, una condición que se puede simular en el laboratorio administrándole descargas eléctricas constantemente, presenta lo que se conoce como síndrome de adaptación general (Selye, 1976).

El síndrome de adaptación general consta de tres fases. La primera fase, conocida como fase de alarma, implica las respuestas que acabamos de ver (secreción de hormonas suprarrenales que permiten obtener energía extra de forma inmediata).

La segunda fase, denominada fase de resistencia, se caracteriza por la secreción de hormonas corticoesteroides, producidas por la médula suprarrenal; estas hormonas mantienen la temperatura corporal, la presión arterial y la tasa respiratoria a un nivel elevado,  proporcionando recursos durante un período de tiempo más largo para hacer frente a una amenaza persistente.

No obstante, si la reacción de estrés se prolonga demasiado tiempo, el animal entra en la tercera fase: el agotamiento. Básicamente, el animal ha estado gastando demasiada energía para mantener su reacción defensiva. Cuando se le agotan los recursos, su resistencia ante las enfermedades disminuye y es fácil que desarrolle enfermedades provocadas por el estrés, como las úlceras. En algunos casos, el estrés prolongado puede ser letal.

Básicamente, los mecanismos que han evolucionado para afrontar el estrés son adaptativos hasta cierto punto; cuando el estrés es excesivo y/o se prolonga demasiado, sus efectos pueden ser perjudiciales para la salud. En un estudio, por ejemplo, se constató que las ratas estresadas experimentalmente presentaban un aumento del nivel de glucocorticoides. Estas hormonas son importantes para el metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono y de las proteínas, pero la concentración excesiva de glucocorticoides disminuye la cantidad de células K (4) o agresoras; células del sistema inmune que destruyen las células infectadas por virus (Keller et al., 1983). Consecuentemente, las ratas estresadas son más susceptibles a contraer enfermedades infecciosas.

Los resultados obtenidos en otros estudios de laboratorio sugieren que los animales aprenden a reaccionar con indefensión ante situaciones en que no existe ninguna posibilidad de huir o de controlar la situación. Esta indefensión aprendida luego se generaliza a otras situaciones, incluso a situaciones en las que podrían emitir respuestas adaptativas. Por ejemplo, los investigadores ataron a perros con arneses y les administraron descargas eléctricas en condiciones de laboratorio. Más adelante, colocaron a los mismos perros en una situación en que podían haber evitado las descargas simplemente saltando una valla. Sin embargo, los perros se agazapaban y no hacían nada para evitar las descargas (Seligman y Maier, 1967).

Respuestas prenatales al estrés materno

En un experimento clásico, Richard Thompson (1957) administró descargas eléctricas a ratas embarazadas y comprobó que no sólo las madres sino también los hijos sufrieron los efectos del estrés. Al nacer, las crías presentaron niveles de actividad más bajos de lo normal.

Estudios realizados posteriormente indicaron que los efectos del estrés prenatal pueden perdurar durante la edad adulta, sobre todo en los machos. Cuando los hijos de sexo masculino de madres que fueron expuestas a condiciones estresantes durante el embarazo se hacen adultos, desarrollan penes más pequeños de lo habitual y se implican menos en conductas sexuales normales que los machos que no sufrieron estrés prenatal (Ward y Weisz, 1980). En consonancia con estos resultados, los hijos de sexo masculino expuestos a estrés prenatal son menos agresivos que los que tuvieron un desarrollo fetal normal (Kinsley y Svare, 1986).

Estos efectos parecen obedecer a los niveles elevados de corticoesteroides segregados por las madres durante el embarazo. Estas hormonas reducen la producción de testosterona en los fetos de sexo masculino. Esta reducción del nivel de testosterona se asocia, a su vez, a la inhibición de los procesos de masculinización responsables de la conducta sexual y agresiva típicamente masculinas.

Por último, existen pruebas de que las respuestas prenatales al estrés materno determinan que los animales sean más vulnerables al estrés en el futuro. De este modo, las ratas cuyas madres fueron expuestas a condiciones estresantes durante el embarazo reaccionan de una forma anormalmente intensa ante el estrés cuando alcanzan la edad adulta (Takahashi et al., 1992). Al parecer la incapacidad de un animal de adaptarse al estrés a largo plazo o de ajustarse a los efectos perjudiciales del estrés a largo plazo de sus madres puede provocar graves problemas.  

NOTAS:

(1): Del inglés Follicle-Stimulantig Hormone

(2): El concepto de “proceptividad” es uno de los tres componentes del modelo APR, aplicable a la conducta sexual de las hembras mamíferas. La A, de atractivo, se refiere al valor del estímulo de la hembra para provocar una respuesta sexual en el macho (olor, inflamación y color de la zona genital ...); La P, de proceptividad, se refiere a las conductas activas realizadas por la hembra para establecer o mantener la interacción sexual (posturas, presentaciones ...); y la R, de receptividad, a la cooperación de la hembra con el macho (F.A.Beach, Sexual atractivity, proceptiviti and receptivity in female mammals, Hormon. Behav., 7, 105-138, 1976.

(3): Del inglés Luteinzing Hormone.

(4): Del inglés Killer (asesino).

 

 

 

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