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* Dirección web y
e-mail de FELINIA:
Nueva dirección de la página de
FELINIA: http://www.felinia.net
Para contactar con la administración
de la página y de la lista: felinia@felinia.net
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http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/felinia/?yguid=354040
* Archivos:
Archivo general de todos los mails enviados, en: http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/FELINIA/messages
Archivo en (formato word) de los artículos publicados, en: http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/FELINIA/files
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ACTUALIZACIONES DE FELINIA WEB: |
* Exposiciones:
http://usuarios.lycos.es/FELINIA/expos01.htm
Exposiciones en España:
actualización general de los calendarios españoles de exposiciones FIFe y WCF.
* Criadores en la red:
ttp://usuarios.lycos.es/FELINIA/bl00.htm
Actualización de los
datos de criadores de Exótico, Maine Coon, Persa y Sagrado de Birmania.
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NOTICIAS: |
*Exposiciones
TICA organizadas por GALLIC CAT (Francia):
23
de Junio 2002: Sancerre (F), 3 Congress TICA: 1 pelo corto adulto, 1 macho
adulto, 1 hembra adulta)
22
de Septiembre 2002: Le Puy (F), juicios tradicionales + 5 rings TICA
30
de Noviembre 2002: Bourges (F), juicios tradicionales + 5 rings TICA
01
de Diciembre 2002: Bourges (F), juicios tradicionales + 5 rings TICA
GALLIC
CAT: Martine Caillard,
+33-2-48.21.02.04
*
Exposición Internacional Felina de Andorra (Encamp):
La
Exposición de Encamp (Andorra), organizada por el Cat Club d’Occitanie (F)
modifica sus fechas tradicionales de principios de Julio y se traslada a los días
14 y 15 de Septiembre. La cita, punto estratégico para los socios FIFe de España,
Portugal y sur de Francia que necesitan un punto en un tercer país, contará
con los siguientes jueces internacionales: Flavia
Capra
(Italia, Cat.1 y 2); Claude
Seignot
(Francia, TTR); Françoise
Milcent
(Francia, TTR) y Val
Gane
(Inglaterra, Cat. 2, 3 y 4). Información más detallada a contactando con felinia@felinia.net
Los hoteles recomendados son los mismos de anteriores ediciones; en el próximo
número de este boletín mensual, que se editará con fecha 06/07/02, se
publicarán las tarifas especiales para los expositores.
*
Propuestas oficiales para la AG FIFe 2002 (Portugal):
ELECCIONES:
Vice-President for a period of one year. Candidates: Ms Satu Hämälàinen (FIN), Mr Karl Preiss (A), Mrs Waltraut Sattler(D), Ms Annette Sjodin (S), Ms Paula van de Wijngaart (NL)
Vice-Treasurer
for a period of three years: Candidate:
Mrs Margarete Ieleithner (D)
Vice-Secretary
for a period of three years: Candidate
Mrs Eva Wieland-Schilla (CH)
ONE
member of the LO Commission for a period of two years:Candidates:
Ms Eva Porat (S) & Ms Gina Grob (FL)
THREE
members for the Health & Welfare Commission for a period of three years:
Candidates:
Mrs
Jetta Eva Madsen (DK), Dr
Miguel Sierra-Bernal (MEX, Dr
Laima Vesma (LV), Mr
Rolf Voehringer (CH), Mrs
Trudy Wessel van Puten (NL)
NUEVOS
MIEMBROS: Chipre
PROPUESTAS
DEL COMITE:
BOARD
I: Amendment to Article 16
This
proposal will clarify the three types of majority and make sure that all cases
are based on a majority of members present or represented
a) Simple
majority a candidate obtains at least one vote more than the other/s
b) Absolute
majority a candidate/proposal obtains more than half the votes cast
c) Qualified
(¾) majority required for admission, expulsion and modification of
Statutes
Elections
and GA decisions to be valid only when confirmed by an absolute majority. In
case of a tie between candidates after 3rd round or one candidate does not reach
absolute majority,
post to remain open until next GA.
BOARD
II -- Show Rules. Annex 2 point 2e
All
cats exhibited at FIFe show by non-FIFe members must be registered in FIFe
except Domestic
cats and Novices
BOARD
Ill -- General Rules. Article 10b
Amendments
made by the commissions must be with the General Secretary by 15th July at the
latest
BOARD
IV -- General Rules. Article 22
The
GA to be held on the last Thursday and Friday in May. The
Judges' Seminar would then be on the Saturday with the Gala dinner that night
and Delegates/Judges
would return home on the Sunday
BOARD
V --Two members of the Board to retire by rotation
Vice
President & Treasurer at the same time President
and Vice Secretary at the same time General
Secretary and Vice Treasurer at the same time
BOARD
VI -- Registration Rules. 4.4.1
Add:
All kittens bred by a FIFe member's member must be registered in FIFe. To
stop FIFe breeders registering with other bodies so as to avoid FIFe breeding
Rules
BOARD
VII
Javanese
to be renamed ORIENTAL LONGHAIR
PROPUESTAS
DE LA COMISION DE JUECES & LO:
JUDGES
& LO COMMISSION I Education of Student Judges
Guidelines
to be offered by the Judges & LO commission to aid instructing judges and
help student judges acquire the desired level of skill, knowledge and
experience.
JUDGES
& LO COMMISSION II Novice & Control Classes
Amendments
to Registration Rules Art 4.4.5.3 and Show Rule -: split class 13 into:
I3a
- Novice class for cats with unknown parents or cats without pedigree
13b
- Control class - for cats requiring a breed check requested by the NBC or
breeders
JUDGES
& LO COMMISSION III Re-organisation of Judges Rules
A
cosmetic exercise to pool together the same subjects
JUDGES
& LO COMMISSION IV Changes in theoretical & practical exams
Six
changes altogether to ease the organisation of exams at shows and periods of
training
JUDGES
& LO COMMISSION V EMS code N0 70 for ears
Straight
ears: 71 Curled ears:
72 Folded ears: 73
JUDGES
& LO COMMISSION VI Additions changes to Birman Breed Standard
These
will clarify and improve description:
Head
shape Short soft wedge, not completely round with
enough height, no flat planes
Chin:
... broad
Eye
shape: ...of good size, not too dominant, set well apart
Scale
of Points
Eye
colour: 5 / Tail: 5 / Gauntlets:
size & placement: 5
JUDGES & LO COMMISSION
VII- Rex cats
Cornish
Rex: 'curly' to be replaced by 'wavy' in Standard and Scale
Devon
Rex: 'wavy' to be replaced by 'wavy and/or curly'
To
be 'curly' the coat must have guardhairs these may be present on the Devon
Rex but are lacking on the Cornish Rex
PROPUESTAS
DE LA COMISION DE EXPOSICIONES:
SHOW
COMMISSION I New classes
Class
1/2: for Grand European Champion/Grand European Premier requiring 98 points for
certificate, requiring 9 certificates from 3 different judges & 4 different
countries Numbers of other classes to be changed accordingly
SHOW
COMMISSION II BIS nomination
Change
from 97 to 98 points for nomination to BIS
SHOW
COMMISSION III New Merit Title: DSM (Distinguished Show Merit)
Only
available at International shows for all adult cats (including Neuters),
requires 10 wins at BIS in 3 different countries. Minimum period of qualifying:
2 years and 1 day between 1st and 10th wins.
SHOW
COMMISSION IV New National Title: NC(*)/NP(*)
Available
at National & international shows for all adults (*) indicates the
country; requires 6 wins at BIS in that particular country minimum period
of qualifying 1 year and 1 day between 1st and 6th wins.
SHOW
COMMISSION V New Young Title YC
Only
available at international shows requires 3 wins at BIS in class 11
PROPUESTAS
DE LA COMISION DE SALUD Y BIENESTAR:
Breeders
Rules
The
following recommendations from the Health and Welfare Commission are to be
accepted as rules:
RULES
FOR BREEDERS REGARDING THE HEALTH AND WELFARE OF CATS:
These
rules are minimum requirements and national members may have more detailed rules
as they see fit.
GENERAL:
1.1 The
health and welfare of each individual cat or kitten must be the foremost concern
for all breeders and owners of cats or kittens.
1.2 Responsible
breeding based on genetic principles, disease prevention and an environment of
love and comfort must be encouraged.
1.3 Accurate
records regarding the health and breeding of cats and kittens must be kept.
2 ACCOMMODATION
2.1 Living
accommodation, bedding, dishes, litter trays etc, must be kept clean at all
times.
2.2 Cats
must have water bowls with fresh water at all times, the right food when
required or prescribed, comfortable bedding, play and activity items and
climbing poles or similar.
2.3 Cats
must have adequate space in which to move and play and should enjoy domestic
living.
2.4 Where
accommodation is separate from a domestic environment, facilities must be for
the cat's best management and maintenance. Under these conditions, a minimal of
6 square meters of floor space with a height of at least 1.80 m per cat is
recommended. More than one level must exist and a sleeping and/or refuge area
must be included. All areas must be suitable for human access and weatherproof.
With
outdoor facilities, cats must be provided with sufficient shade to give them
protection from direct sunlight. In these cases, cats must be allowed access
inside in order to remain dry if it rains or snows. Areas must be constructed to
facilitate easy drainage.
For
cats unused to extreme temperatures, a range between 10C to 35 C (50F to 95F) is
acceptable but temperatures either below or above these averages necessitate
either heating or cooling assistance.
Ventilation
facilities to be provided with fresh air ( windows, doors, air conditioning) in
order to minimize odours, moisture and drafts.
Natural
and artificial lighting must be provided.
Cleaning and disinfecting facilities for floors, walls and furniture must be
always available.
2.5.1
Although individual cats enjoy the company of other cats,
overcrowding must be avoid as this can lead to stress and aggression and, more
importantly, can increase the risk of diseases.
2.5.2
Every cat or kitten must be given daily individual attention;
this should include handling which allows for a check of the general health.
3. SELLING
AND RE-HOMING
3.1 Any
agreements or limitations with purchasers of kittens or users of stud cats must
be in writing to avoid misunderstandings
4. Studs
4.1 Stud
cats, which have to live in enclosed accommodation must have a minimum of six
square metres of floor space with a minimum height of 1.80 m available to
them, at least two square metres must be enclosed and weatherproof. If this
accommodation is shared, then the available surface must be larger.
In all accommodation, there must be more than one level and a sleeping or refuge
area must be included. All areas must be suitable for human access.
5 BREEDING
QUEENS
5.1 Queens
must not have more than three litters in twenty-four months except with the
prior written approval of a veterinarian and/or the National Breeding Committee
5.2 All
births should be attended in case problems occur.
5.3 A
queen which requires repeated caesarian sections must not be used for further
breeding.
5.4 Queens
about to give birth or un-weaned kittens must have the possibility to be kept in
a separate area/room.
5.5 Kittens
must not go to a new owner (home) before they are 12 weeks old and have been
fully vaccinated against Panleucopenia and 'cat flu', unless otherwise advised
by a veterinarian.
6 GENERAL
CARE
6.1 Adult
cats or kittens must have their vaccinations updated regularly.
6.2 A
cat suffering from a congenital abnormality must not be used for breeding or
sold as a breeding cat. A breeder selling such a kitten must send a request to
their national breeding committee for a "breeding restriction" to be
put on the registration document.
6.3 Sick
cats and kittens must receive veterinary attention as soon as possible.
6.4 Parasites
such as fleas, ticks, mites, intestinal worms, heartworms etc, are sometimes
unavoidable, but all cats must be regularly examined and treated.
6.5 Special
measures must be taken for the prevention or spread of viral, bacterial and
fungal diseases, including the use of vaccinations where available.
PROPUESTAS
DE LOS MIEMBROS:
Italy
(FFI) Proposal I Breeders Commission
Formation
of this commission/Requirements
for Candidacy and Election/Numbers
of members for each category/Collection
and examination of health/genetic/standard/recognition issues/Collection
and examination of problems related to breeding activities/Administration
and commitments
Italy
(FFI) Proposal II Non FIFe cats at FIFe shows
They
do NOT qualify for FIFe certificates and only receive a 'merit' rating but are
eligible for BIV, NOM, BlS and BOB
Norway
(NNR) Proposal I ABY/SOM
Addition
to the Breeding & Registration Rules
ONLY
Ruddy, Blue, Sorrel & Fawn with/without Silver to be recognised and bred
from
ONLY
offspring from these recognised colours to be registered as ABY/SOM
Offspring
from any other variety to be registered as XSH/XLH
New
colours through other breeds have/are introducing unwanted genes (e.g. gene for
points through BUR) and are detrimental to selective breeding in existence since
1870'ies.. Ticking between new and classic colours is extremely difficult to
distinguish (fawn/lilac, ruddy/chocolate, patches of a sorrel tortie...).
Norway
(NNR) Proposal II MANX
MAN
with minimum of 3 MAN (51, 52, 53, 54) prior generations to be registered in the
LO
The
Netherlands (MUNDIKAT) Proposal I SPH
Judge
& register SPH according to the same rules as CRX/DRX
The
Netherlands (MUNDIKAT) Proposal II Cross breeding offspring
Cosmetic
change to simplify the existing rules
The
Netherlands (MUNDIKAT) Proposal Ill BEN
A
country's NBC to authorise in special cases cross breeding BEN with Asian
Leopardcat or Felis Bengalensis FIFe Registration Rules to apply
Portugal
(CPF) Proposal I GA Language
The
GA to be conducted only in English but proposals to be sent in the 3 languages
Portugal
(CPF) Proposal II GA Date
The
GA to be held the last week in April or 1st week in May
Russia
(ARCCA) Proposal Special exemption
Special
requirements for titles (number of certificates/judges/countries) in Russia only
Sweden
(SVERAK) Proposal I SBl additions/deletions in Standard
Eyes:
Add Size: Not too small or too dominant
Placement:
Set well apart
Coat:
delete "The body colour in all varieties" and
add "The body colour is showing a slight shade of point colour, gradually
shading to a lighter tone on the stomach and chest. White
or coloured patches on the chest or the stomach may be seen in cats with a
darker body colour"
Faults:
Delete completely
Scale:
Head Delete shape & colour of the eyes. Replace by:
Eyes
Colour, shape, size and Placement: 10 points
Tail:
5 points
Gloves:
delete on the hind feet: 5 points, delete gauntlets 5 points, and replace by
"on the hind feet, including gauntlets: 5 points"
Sweden
(SVERAK) Proposal II BIS rule change
No
category to be combined even if there are less than 15 cats present in one of
them
Sweden
(SVERAK) Proposal III Show rules change
Class
11: SEVEN to ten months (instead of 6 to 10)
Class
12: FOUR to SEVEN months (instead of 3 to 6)
Slovenia
(ZFDS) Judges Rules
Article
47 Replace at least 25 cats in open/neuter classes,
at least 25 cats in the CH/PR to EC/EP classes by at
last 50 adult cats in the Open/Neuter to EC/EP classes
Austria
(KK) Proposal I Unrecognised breeds
The
Judges & LO commission to define which standards are to be used when judging
unrecognised breeds
Austria
(KK) Proposal II Ring shows
Ring
shows to be held as two day events, once a year per member, restricted to 4
certificates, cats in categories 1+11 and Ill+IV respectively to be judged by
judges qualified in these categories no more than 200 cats per judge.
Austria
(KK) Proposal Ill Breed Councils
Formation
of Breed councils for each breed to advise on Standards and Rules Members
eligibility and requirements
Secretary
Fees Procedure
for submission of proposals
Belarus
(Felinolog) Show Rule exemption
Number
of cats reduced to 100 for International show in Belarus for a period of 3
years.
Czech
Republic (CSCH) Change/Addition to Show Rule IV 29
Judges
not to abstain from voting at BIS when they have nominated a candidate in a
nomination group but may abstain if they have not nominated a candidate in
that group.
Estonia
(Felix) Recognition of the American Curl LH & SH
To
be included in category II; full Standard, Scale of points and colour varieties
provided. Unanimously
recommended by the Judges & Lo commission following the Tallinn show on 14/07/01
where all FIFe requiremetns were met.
Finland
(SRK) Proposal I Change of Show Rule 52
Show
catalogues to be sent with the list of results to the FIFe secretariat instead
of marked show catalogues.
Finland
(SRK) Proposal II Rex with Silver
A
colour with Silver to belong to the same group as that colour without Silver
Group
I Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn,
Smoke
Group
II Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn,
Smoke with White
Group
Ill Red/Cream/Tortie
with/without Smoke, Red/Cream/Tortie with/without Agouti silver or golden
Group
IV Red/Cream/Tortie
with/without Smoke with White, Red/Cream/Tortie with/without
Agouti silver or golden with white
Group
V Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn
with Agouti with/without silver or golden
Group
VI Black/Blue/Choc/Lilac/Cinnamon/Fawn
with Agouti with/without silver or golden with white
Group
VII Pointed, Pointed
Silver, Pointed golden
Group
VIII Pointed with
white, Pointed silver with white, Pointed golden with white
Group
IX White
Great
Britain (CA) Proposal I Addition to FIFe Show Rules Annex 2
Only
FIFe registered cats owned by members of a FIFe club may be awarded FIFe titles.
Note: Other
cats can still be awarded certificates but will not be eligible for titles.
Great
Britain (CA) Proposal II Addition to FIFe Show Rule 5
FIFe
show dates may only be booked up to 5 calendar years in advance existing
dates already booked may stand
Luxemburg
(LCC) Abolition of Show Rule IV 29
Stop
combining categories for BIS if less than 15 cats all 4 categories to be
separate.
*
Avance de las decisiones tomadas en la Asamblea General FIFe 2002 (24-25/05/02,
Portugal):
Adjuntamos un resumen de las decisiones votadas por la Asamblea FIFe 2002. Esas resoluciones son válidas a partir del 1 de Enero de 2003, excepto si se indica expresamente lo contrario. Los cargos electos entran en funciones de forma inmediata.
*
Resultado de las elecciones convocadas para cargos en la Junta Directiva:
Annette Sjödin (Suecia), elegida vice-residenta por un período de 1 año;
Margarete Leleithner (Alemania), vice-esorera por un período de 3 años; Eva
Wieland-Schilla (Suiza), vice-ecretaria por un período de 3 años.
*
Resultado de las elecciones convocadas para cargos en las diferentes Comisiones:
Judges
& LO Comission: Eva Porat (Suecia), elegida por un períodod de 2 años.
Heallth
& Welfare Comission: Miguel Sierra-Bernal (Méjico), Laima Vesma (Lituania)
y Trudy Wessel van Puten (Holanda),
elegidos por un período de 3 años.
*
Nuevos países miembros de FIFe: después del período probatorio reglamentario,
Chipre y Rumanía se convierten en miembros de pleno derecho de FIFe.
*
Formación de una Comisión de Crianza (BC), de acuerdo con la propuesta austríaca
(KKÖ).
*
Reconocimiento del American Curl Shorthair y Longhair, tanto a nivel de registro
como de campeonato. los códigos EMS para esta raza son: ACS para la versión
pelo corto, y ACL para la versión de pelo largo. Como consecuencia lógica de
este reconocimiento, se añaden los siguientes códigos EMS a los ya existentes:
71 (straight), 72 (curled) y 73 (folded).
*
Nuevos títulos para los gatos: DSM (Distinguished Show Merit), para gatos
adultos, neutros o castrados, que hayan conseguido 10 BIS en 2 años y 1 día; y
JW (Junior Winner), para gatos de las Clases 11
y 12 (Cachorros y Jóvenes) que hayan conseguido 5 BIS mientras se
encuentran en las 2 clases citadas.
*
Se aceptan los registros en LO de Manx sin importar si en su pedigree constan
los códigos 51, 52, 53 o 54.
*
Aprobado un nuevo reparto en los grupos de color para los Sphynx. Devon
Rex y Cornish Rex.
*
Se elimina la posibilidad de hacer BIS combinados cuando una de las categorías
(Cat.1, 2, 3 y 4) no cuenta con un mínimo de 15 gatos.
*
Todos los gatos criados por socios FIFe deberán registrase en FIFe. Esto anula
la práctica habitual de inscribir sólo determinadas camadas, o parte de ellas.
* Presentado a la Asamblea un protocolo de relaciones FIFe-LOOF. Con este protocolo se resolverán cuestiones importantes para los expositores españoles, como pueden ser la edad de los gatos inscritos en Clase 9-10 (CAC-CAP), o la validez de certificados firmados por jueces hasta la fecha no reconocidos por FIFe.
*
Protocolo FIFe-LOOF:
Protocolo
de acuerdo entre la Fédération pour la Gestion du Livre Officiel des Origines
Félines, LOOF, y la Fédération Internationale Féline, FIFe.
Se
acuerda entre las partes lo siguiente:
ARTICULO
1, relativo a los pedigrees.
LOOF
reconoce todos los pedigrees emitidos por las asociaciones adheridas a FIFe para
todos los gatos nacidos en Francia antes del 6 de Enero 1999.
FIFe
reconoce todos los pedigrees emitidos por LOOF.
FIFe
se compromete a que sus miembros no emitan ningún pedigree para gatos nacidos
en Francia o gatos que lleven un afijo de un criador francés (aplicable para
todos los gatos nacidos después del 6 de Enero 1999).
LOOF
incluirá en todos sus pedigrees los códigos EMS correpondientes al gato
registrado
ARTICULO
2, relativo a los afijos.
LOOF
y FIFe reconocen mutuamente los afijos registrados por ambos. En caso de
duplicidad, los afijos llevarán, entre paréntesis, el nombre de la federación
que los ha concedido.
ARTICULO
3, relativo al reconocimiento de razas felinas.
LOOF
reconoce todas las razas felinas aceptadas por FIFe en la fecha de la firma del
presente acuerdo.
En
el futuro, el reconocimiento por el LOOF de las razas que FIFe pueda reconocer
pasará, sin que ello prejuzgue ninguna decisión, de una información sobre el
standard y las características de dicha raza. Esta información se encuadrará
dentro de las funciones del Comité de Enlace previsto en el artículo 7 del
presente acuerdo.
ARTICULO
4, relativo a los jueces.
LOOF
reconoce todos los jueces FIFe con las calificaciones que figuran en la lista de
jueces FIFe a la fecha de la firma del presente acuerdo.
Para
ser reconocidos por LOOF, los jueces FIFe de nacionalidad francesa deberán
cumplir, a partir de la fecha de la firma del presente acuerdo, con la
reglamentación LOOF en materia de exámenes. En consecuencia, los exámenes
LOOF para jueces FIFe de nacionalidad francesa, tendrán valor de exámen FIFe.
FIFe
reconoce todos los jueces de nacionalidad francesa agregados al LOOF, con las
calificaciones que figuran en la lista de jueces LOOF.
Los
jueces “all breed” de ambas federaciones sólo están autorizados a juzgar
las razas reconocidas por su federación, excepto si justifican su participación
en un seminario o aportan un certificado de alumno juez relativo a la raza en
cuestión.
LOOF
y FIFe reconocen mutuamente la validez de los certificados de alumno juez
firmados por los jueces instructores de ambas federaciones.
LOOF
y FIFe se comprometen a transmitirse, como mínimo una vez al año, sus
respectivas listas de jueces con sus calificaciones.
ARTICULO
4, relativo a las exposiciones.
LOOF
y FIFe reconocen recíprocamente los certificados de títulos otorgados en las
exposiciones reconocidas por una u otra federación.
LOOF
y FIFe reconocen recíprocamente los títulos otorgados por las asociaciones que
componen ambas federaciones.
En
consecuencia, un gato no puede ser desclasado si tiene un certificado o un título
emitido por la otra federación.
ARTICULO
7, relativo al Comité de Enlace.
Se
crea un Comité de Enlace formado por 2 representantes designados por LOOF y
otros 2 designados por FIFe.
Este
Comité se reunirá al menos 2 veces al año.
Tiene
por objeto resolver las posibles diferencias de interpretación o de puesta en
práctica del presente acuerdo, así como intercambiar la informacion relativa a
la evolución de los reglamentos y standards adoptados por las partes.
Este
Comité se encargará, asimismo, de elaborar un balance de la aplicación del
presente acuerdo con fecha 31 de Marzo 2003.
ARTICULO
8
El
presente acuerdo se aplicará a partir de la firma por ambas partes. Está
redactado en francés e inglés, y ambos textos originales tienen el mismo valor
legal.
*
Inicio de la campaña de vacunación de perros y gatos en Madrid:
La
Concejalía de Salud y Consumo de Madrid puso en marcha, desde el 5 de Mayo, la
campaña de Vacunación Antirrábica e Identificación de Perros y Gatos,
obligatoria para estos animales. Para ello, pondrá a disposición de todos los
ciudadanos un total de 18 centros municipales de vacunación distribuidos por
toda la capital, que permanecerán abiertos hasta el 20 de Junio.
Durante
la campaña 2001, más de 16.000 mascotas fueron vacunadas en las instalaciones
municipales dispuestas al efecto. Además, se identificaron alrededor de 2.000
animales y fueron desparasitados unos 8.000. El coste de estos servicios durante
el periodo de campaña oficial es de 20€por animal, aunque si ya están
identificados sólo se deberá abonar el coste de vacunación, que será de
8€.
*
Rechazo del Gobierno español a la modificación del Código Penal:
A
finales de febrero, el Partido Popular se negó a aceptar las cuatro propuestas
de ley (Grupo Mixto, IU, CiU y PSOE) para tipificar el maltrato animal como
delito, cerrando así las puertas a una revisión y posible modificación del Código
Penal. También el PNV votó en contra de la propuesta. En el actual Código
Penal el maltrato de animales está considerado como falta, y solo es castigado
con multas.
Esta respuesta era ya esperada por las asociaciones de defensa animal, muchas de
las cuales se encontraban en el Congreso de los Diputados. Tras la votación
desplegaron una pancarta pidiendo la pena de cárcel que fue rápidamente
retirada por las fuerzas del orden. De nada han servido las más de 600.000
firmas recogidas.
El PP argumentó que una reforma del Código Penal global de este tipo no debe hacerse como respuesta a un hecho concreto (Tarragona), sino de un modo más prudente. Además afirma no querer interferir en los estudios que está realizando una comisión formada por técnicos de Agricultura y de Interior y pospone su decisión hasta conocer los resultados. En otros países europeos (Italia, Austria, Suecia), las penas llegan hasta un año de prisión en los casos más graves.
*
Nuestros deberes con los animales:
Se
deben castigar de forma ejemplar las salvajadas que los sádicos amparados por
la tradicicón cometen contra el resto de los seres vivos.
Cada
cierto tiempo se aviva una polémica que habla de la concesión de derechos a
los animales, como si la existencia de tales derechos dieran al género humano
la excusa para poder ignorar sus deberes respecto de los otros seres que nos
acompañan en la efímera aventura de la existencia.
Desde
luego que el mundo está lleno de sádicos: los que arrojan un carnero desde la
torre de una iglesia, los que encienden la cornamenta de una espantada vaca, los
que cortan cogotes de pavos y patos en nombre de la alegría y de la fiesta en
cualquiera de esos pueblos llamados Cojonzuelos del Obispo o algo parecido. Pues
bien, éstos, además de sádicos, son miserables cretinos y están a años luz
de entender el significado de la palabra derecho, incluso si les
beneficia, porque vaya usted a hacer que el alcalde y los concejales de alguno
de esos puebluchos comprendan que no está bien dar puñaladas a un ternero
hasta desangrarlo en la calle, y que tienen el derecho de rebelarse contra la
estupidez que les mancha las manos y el prestigio.
Todas
las barbaridades descritas son lisa y llanamente delitos cometidos contra la
civilidad, contra el sentido común, contra una mayoría que ha conquistado el
derecho de vivir en armonía con el reto de seres que acompañan la existencia
humana, y ese derecho se ejerce cumpliendo una serie de deberes éticos y
morales.
Pero
también es evidente que, para resguardar los derechos de esa mayoría, se deben
crear medidas que castiguen ejemplarmente el maltrato a los animales. Sin
embargo, esta aparente perogrullada no está al alcance de todos los intelectos.
Hace pocos días, el Partido Popular (PP) rechazó la iniciativa presentada por
el PSOE, CiU, ERC e IU para que la brutalidad con los animales fuese considerada
un delito y, como a menudo ocurre, las buenas intenciones fueron entregadas a
una comisión tan anónima como ineficiente.
¿Y
qué es lo que esa comisión debe hacer? ¿Tal vez descubrir la inequívoca
relación entre deberes y derechos? ¿Tal vez estudiar acomodos para que las
leyes de protección animal, jamás de derechos, que existen en otros países
europeos no incomoden al conservadurismo fomentador de las barbaridades
descritas?
Los
seres humanos tenemos derecho a vivir, derecho consustancial con el deber de
preservar la vida, la mía y la del otro, la que nos rodea y la que está más
allá del horizonte. La vileza de unos pocos nos envilece a todos cuando la
pasividad de los encargados de garantizar nuestro derecho a relacionarnos
razonablemente con el entorno natural, con la formidable biodiversidad de la que
dependemos, se manifiesta como complicidad con los salvajes y con los promotores
del salvajismo.
Es
urgente generar, además de leyes que castiguen el maltrato a los animales, políticas
que enseñen y resalten la importancia de los deberes propios del género
humano, aunque estos contradigan los argumentos cerriles de los dueños de los
cotos, de los casposos mentales que hablan del folclore rural, las tretas
mercantiles de los capos de la industria cosmética, o las patologías sexuales
de los cazadores españoles que ostentan el deshonor de ser los mayores
exterminadores de especies protegidas del mundo.
No
confundamos el carácter ineludible de nuestros deberes éticos y morales con el
otorgar derechos a los pollos o a los burros, aunque estoy seguro de que un
burro investido de tribuno jamás rebuznaría exigiendo que las burras cobren
pensiones menores que los machos cuadrúpedos porque ellas viven más. Cumplamos
con nuestros deberes humanos, hagamos que su observancia sea la norma, porque ésta
es la manera de ejercer el mayor de nuestros derechos: el derecho a vivir en
armonía.
*
2º Simposium Internacional sobre Coronavirus Felino-FIP:
El
2º Simposium Internacional sobre Coronavirus Felino-FIP se ha convocado en
Glasgow (Escocia, GB), para el próximo mes de Agosto 2002. Esta reunión se ha
convocado a raiz del exito que tuvo la primera edición, y reunirá a científicos,
investigadores veterinarios, criadores de gatos, organizaciones de recogida de
animales y representantes de la industria del sector. Las actas se publicarán
posteriormente en el Journal of Feline Medecine and Surgery. Más información
en: http://www.felinecoronavirus.com/index.htm
*
20 millones de animales domésticos en España:
De
acuerdo con la información proporcionada por la Fundación Purina, un 37% de
los hogares españoles tienen mascotas. En números absolutos se puede hablar de
un número aproximado de 20 millones de animales en total, de los cuales cuatro
millones son perros, tres millones son gatos y unos diez millones son peces de
acuario.
Esto significa que España es el país europeo con menos gatos, puesto que un
12% de los hogares tienen gatos, cuando países como Austria, Bélgica, Francia,
Irlanda, Italia, Suiza y el Reino Unido están por encima del 20%.
Este es el ránking europeo de hogares con mascotas:
|
Perros |
Gatos |
Pájaros |
|||
|
Irlanda |
41% |
Austria |
30% |
Portugal |
20% |
|
Francia |
31% |
Bélgica |
25% |
Bélgica |
17% |
|
Portugal |
29% |
Francia |
24% |
Holanda |
17% |
|
Bélgica |
29% |
Irlanda |
24% |
España |
16% |
|
España |
25% |
Italia |
22% |
Italia |
13% |
|
Reino
Unido |
25% |
Suiza |
21% |
Alemania |
11% |
|
Italia |
24% |
Reino
Unido |
21% |
Suiza |
9% |
|
Dinamarca |
24% |
Portugal |
18% |
Francia |
8% |
|
Grecia |
15% |
España |
12% |
Reino
Unido |
7% |
*
The Sphynx Kitten Information Project:
La
Doctora Susan Little ha puesto en marcha un proyecto de investigación sobre los
gatos Sphynx, dedicado a recopilar toda la información posible sobre las
camadas de gatos de esta raza: fecha de las camadas, número de gatitos nacidos,
desarrollo, mortalidad, etc. La idea es comparar los datos recogidos con los de
otras razas, y analizar diferencias y semejanzas. Los resultados servirán para
que los criadores de esta raza tengan una orientación para desarrollar sus
programas de cria. El proyecto se mantendrá activo desde Abril 2002 hasta Marzo
2003. Más información, incluídos los formularios para quien quiera participar
enviando datos, en la página de la Dtra. S. Little en: http://www.catvet.homestead.com/Sphynx1.html
*
The Devon Rex Kitten Information Project:
También desarrollado por la Dtra. Susan Little, este proyecto es idéntico al anterior pero orientado a gatos Devon Rex. A pesar de que la duración inicial del proyecto es de Junio a Mayo 2002, todavía se recogen datos. Información y formularios en: http://www.catvet.homestead.com/Devon1.html
*
Propiedad industrial e intelectual
LA
PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL DEL SOFTWARE, por Carmen
Romero, abogada de Bussiness Software Alliance, Barcelona 2002.
Es
evidente que actualmente nos encontramos ante una auténtica revolución informáatica
equiparable en muchos aspectos a lo que fue y significo en su momento la
Revolución Industrial.
Actualmente,
todos los procesos que rigen nuestras vidas se hallan vinculados a la informática,
y por tanto a los programas de ordenador que hacen posible su desarrollo. Por
este motivo, se hace absolutamente necesaria una protección jurídica clara,
eficaz y completa en defensa de los derechos de propiedad intelectual de los
desarrolladores de software.
Los
programas de ordenador son bienes inmateriales, cuya protección se enmarca
dentro del Texto Refundido de la ley de Propiedad Intelectual (Texto Refundido
de la ley de la Propiedad Intelectual, Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de
Abril, regularizando, aclarando y armonizando las disposiciones legales vigentes
sobre la materia, concretamente en su artículo 10.1.i), que menciona
expresamente el programa d eordenador como objeto de propiedad intelectual.
Asimismo, el Título VII del Libro I del citado cuerpo legal regula en los artículos
95 a 104 de forma exclusiva los programas d ordenador.
La
protección jurídica de los programas de ordenador se amplía en el TRLPI a
través de la Ley 16/93, de 23 de Diciembre, que incorporó al Derecho español
la Directiva 91/250/CEE, de 14 de Mayo de 1991, sobre la protección jurídica
de los programas d ordenador, modificando determinados artículos de la Ley
22/87, de 11 de noviembre, y la Directiva 2001/29/CEE, relativa a la armonización
de dterminados aspectos del derecho de autor.
Es
evidente que, como consecuencia de la especial naturaleza y características de
los programas de ordenador, ha sido un acierto por parte del legislador regular
de forma específica dichas obras en el TRLPI, que en determinados aspectos
tiene claras y amplias diferencias con el sistema de protección jurídica del
resto de obras protegidas en el TRLPI.
En
este sentido, son objeto de protección intelectual todas las creaciones
originales, literarias, artísticas o científicas, expresadas por cualquier
medio o soporte, tangible o intangible.
En
el ámbito penal, el Código Penal tipifica los delitos relativos a la propiedad
intelectual en los artículos 270 a 272. En los delitos contra la propiedad
intelectual se castigan, entre otras, las actividades de reproducción, plagio,
distribución, transformación y comunicación de un programa de ordenador.
En resumen, las infracciones cometidas contra la propiedad intelectual del software, la comunmente llamada “piratería”, constituyen no sólo un ílicito civil sino también un delito, castigados ambos en la legislación española, con consecuencias que van desde penas de prisión que pueden alcanzar un máximo de 4 años o multa que puede alcanzar un máximo de casi 217.000€, además del pago de una indeminzación al titular de los derechos de autor del software copiado ilícitamente y la condena al cese de la actividad ilícita.
*
Protcolo del Semi-Annual Board Meeting de TICA:
2002 Semi-Annual
Board Meeting
February 15, 2002,
Friday, 8 AM
The meeting was
called to order on Friday, February 15, 2002 at 8:30AM. The following members
were present Kay DeVilbiss, President; Chieko Ohira, Director, Asia, Cynthia
Skipchak, Director, Great Lakes, Edith Mary Smith, Director, Great Plains,
Marcel Louwyck, Director, Northern Europe, Alex Graham, Director, Northwest,
James Dickie, Director, Mid Atlantic, Pamela Barrett, Director, Mid Pacific,
Alberto Leal, Director, South America, Don Caruthers, Director, South Central,
Jo Parris, Director, Southeast, Genevieve Basquine, Director, Southern Europe,
Bob Mullen, Director, Southwest, Frances Young, Legal Advisor, Laurie Schiff,
Legal Advisor and Leslie Bowers, Business Manager. Dewane Barnes, Vice
President, and Louise VanDeWater, Director, Northeast were not present at the
meeting.
John Harrison,
Yearbook Editor, presented the 2001 TICA Yearbooks to the Board of Directors and
reported on the Yearbook, past and future. (See attached.)
Unanimous consent
to accept the corrections to the Minutes of the 2001 Annual Meeting.
Motion 73: Motion
was made by Barnes and seconded by Mays to amend 118.2 to read:
"Amendment
of Existing Standards. Proposed Standard amendments including but not limited to
the addition or deletion of colors or the adoption of a new Standard for a
recognized breed...(remainder the same).
Motion 74:
"118.21" should be "118.2.1"
Motion 77:
"215.1.2 should read: The judge is a Household Pet Only Judge. Cats
belonging to a Household Pet Only Judge may be exhibited in the purebred kitten
and championship portion of a show in which that judge is officiating as a
Household Pet Judge provided exhibiting is accomplished through an agent, and no
communication between the agent and the Household Pet Judge occurs until the
Household Pet Judge has completed the Household Pet Show." Motion carried
unanimously.
Motion 80:
115.4.3 should be 15.4.3.
Motion 81: 117.3,
117.3.1 and 117.3.2 should be 17.3, 17.3.1, and 17.3.2.
Motion 97:
Delete: "Motion carried unanimously'", it was unanimous consent.
Motion 137:
Unanimous consent to move the California Spangled, Peterbald and Chantilly into
Evaluation Class. Should be California Spangled and Peterbald into Evaluation
Class.
45. Motion was made by Caruthers and seconded by
Barrett to change Standing Rule 1013.3.5 to read: Members residing outside of
North America may submit their ballots to the CPA via facsimile, provided they
request a facsimile ballot from the Executive Office in writing; submit the
facsimile ballot including all the information required on the return envelope,
and the member’s signature. The member must certify to the Executive Office,
in writing, the date on which the facsimile ballot was faxed to the CPA. In the
event a mailed ballot is received by the CPA from the same member that has
submitted a ballot via facsimile, the mailed ballot will be counted and the
facsimile ballot discarded. Motion carried unanimously.
46. Unanimous
consent to accept the revised budget for 2001-2002. Motion carried unanimously.
47. Unanimous
consent to accept the budget for 2002-2003. Motion carried unanimously.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Regional Directors were requested to notify breed societies unaffiliated with
TICA to request in writing from the Executive Office that their names and/or
acronyms not be registered as cattery names.
48. Motion was
made by Leal and seconded by Dickie to score GHATTA’S DEBORA, SBT 020201043.
Motion carried unanimously.
49. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Leal to score the second show for RITZ-O-CATS
START N OVR OF SOFTPAWS, SBV 070901 024, owned by Juliana Slater because the
paperwork was late through no fault of the owner. Motion carried unanimously.
INSTRUCTIONS: The
Judging Administrator was asked to remind the judges not to wear noise makers.
52. Motion was
made by Graham and seconded by Smith to exempt Edmonton Cat Fanciers from the
TICA insurance because their insurance coverage is more advantageous to the club
and to TICA. TICA will be shown as a co-insured. Motion carried unanimously.
55. Unanimous
consent to recess. The meeting was called to order at 8:10 AM on Saturday,
February 16, 2002. No action was taken on the request for an affiliation
agreement between TICA and Bavarian breeders.
56. Unanimous
consent that Leslie Bowers be given authority to investigate retirement options
for TICA employees to be presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting. Motion carried
unanimously.
57. Motion was
made by Parris and seconded by Mullen to remove 13.3.2 from the By-Laws. “A
portion of each member's dues may be placed in escrow for the account of the
Region wherein the member resides to be drawn upon to defray the reasonable
expenses of the Director of the Region or for any other purpose benefitting the
Region and approved by the Board of Directors.” Motion carried unanimously.
58. Unanimous
consent to table the request from Argentina until after lunch. (See Motion 83.)
59. Unanimous
consent that the President be given the authority to accept the hosting the
World Cat Congress meeting in 2003 or 2004.
60. Unanimous
consent that Vickie Fisher be invited to come to the 2002 Annual Meeting for the
1-day meeting to develop an action plan for the Business Plan. The Executive
Office is authorized to pay her expenses.
61. Unanimous
consent to require each Regional Director to find at least two people to work
with Jean Hannum on Animal Legislation and to provide their names to the
President by March 31st.
62. Unanimous
consent to have Vicky and Peter Markstein work on Marketing and Advertising for
TICA.
63. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to eliminate the Electronic Registration
Fee. Motion
denied with Barrett, Basquine, Graham, Leal, Louwyck and Smith in favor and
DeVilbiss breaking the tie opposed.
NOTE: At the 1996
Semi-Annual Meeting in Brussels, Belgium the following actions were taken:
“Motion was made and duly seconded that the $10 fax fee be eliminated
effective immediately. Motion carried unanimously. Motion was made and duly
seconded to charge a $10 additional fee for any electronic registration. Motion
carried with Webb opposed.”
64. Unanimous
consent to go into a Committee of the Whole.
65. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Mullen to accept the proposal to remove the
Bombay from the Burmese/Bombay Breed Group. Motion denied with Barrett and
Caruthers in favor.
66. Unanimous
consent that the Bombay/Burmese Breed Group be required to submit combined
standards for approval at the 2003 Semi-Annual Meeting.
67. Unanimous
consent to accept the Norwegian Forest Breed Standard as attached.
68. Unanimous
consent to accept the corrected Chausie Standard as attached.
69. Unanimous
consent to go into a Committee of the Whole to discuss the Munchkin.
2002 Semi-Annual
Meeting, Page 4
70. Motion was
made by Parris and seconded by Leal to accept the Munchkin Breed Group for
championship Category III with no exception. Motion carried with Barrett,
Dickie, Graham, and Skipchak opposed.
NOTE: Regional
Director, Don Caruthers had a death in his immediate family and appointed Fate
Mays to serve as his proxy before the entire assembled Board of Directors while
the Board was in session.
71. Unanimous consent that the silver Abyssinians and
Somalis be included in the colors for championship.
72. Motion was
made by Skipchak and seconded by Parris to accept the American Bobtail for
championship. Motion carried with Barrett and Basquine opposed.
73. Unanimous
consent to accept the Savannah in Evaluation Class.
74. Unanimous
consent to move the Serengeti to Evaluation Status.
75. Unanimous
consent that the third generation of non-domestic Evaluation Class cats be
allowed in the show hall with full disclosure to the judges before handling.
76. Unanimous
consent to accept the pointed Siberians for championship.
77. Unanimous
consent that it be known that in Russia, the Siberian pointed colors are also
known as the breed Neva Masquerade.
78. Withdrawn.
79. Unanimous
consent to send the Snowshoe Standard back to the committee for a revision with
guidance from the Rules and Technical Terminology Committee.
80. Unanimous
consent to refer the Peterbald back to proper committee to be resubmitted at the
2002 Annual Meeting with the breed section preparing the standard.
81. Unanimous
consent to suggest to the Peterbald breed section that they word their standard
so as to be distinguishable from the Siamese Breed Group.
82. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to suggest to the Peterbald breed section
that if they want to be a hairless Oriental that they show in the assessment
class as a single trait difference. Motion carried with Basquine opposed because
she wanted the assessment class to disappear and Mullen, Parris, and Smith
opposed.
83. Unanimous
consent to untable Motion 58. 2002
Semi-Annual Meeting, Page 5
84. Unanimous
consent that effective immediately and continuing through April 30, 2003, all
fees payable by persons or clubs located in Argentina shall be payable as
follows:
Fifty percent at
the time of receipt of the order; Fifty percent deferred to a date subsequent to
April 30, 2003, to be determined by the Board; The total deferred sum due,
cumulative to all orders received from Argentina shall not exceed $500. Should
the deferred sum due reach $500 prior to April 30, 2003, no further sums shall
be deferred without further Board approval. It is expected that clubs and
members shall assist with fund raising projects to pay the deferred fees due.
85. Motion was
made by Mullen and seconded by Mays to amend the By-Laws 15.4.1 to read:
“15.4.1 The members of each Breed Section shall elect a Breed Committee, each
member to serve a term of 3 years or until a successor is duly elected or
appointed in the event of a vacancy.
Requirements for
election to breed committee membership are as follows:
15.4.1.1 Have a
TICA registered cattery, Breed Section membership, have bred and registered with
TICA a minimum of two litters of the appropriate breed within the 2 years
immediately preceding the election, and have ACTIVELY exhibited a cat, kitten,
or alter of the appropriate breed in TICA within the 2 show seasons immediately
preceding the election.
15.4.1.2 The
number of Breed Committee members shall be determined as set forth in the
Standing Rules and may be increased or decreased
based on the number of Breed Section members and the needs of
the Breed Section.
15.4.1.3 The
breed committee member receiving the highest number of votes shall become
the Breed Committee Chairperson.
15.4.1.4 If for
any reason the Breed Committee Chair is vacated, the Breed Committee member who
received the next highest number of votes shall become the Breed Committee
Chairperson. The vacant seat on the Breed Committee shall be filled by a Breed
Section poll, time permitting before the end of the term, or by appointment by
the Board of Directors.” Motion carried with Graham opposed.
86. Unanimous
consent to recess. The meeting was called to order at 8:15 AM on Sunday,
February 17, 2002. The Computer Report was presented by Larry Hart. (See
attached.)
87. Unanimous
consent to rescind any previous exceptions to the Bengal breed because all
issues on non-domestics are covered by current rules.
88. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to accept the changes to16.4 to read:
16.4 Appointed Committees. Except as limited herein, committees shall be
appointed from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Standing
Rules to these By-Laws. 16.4.1 Current members of the Board Of Directors and
current Appointed Officials are ineligible to serve on any of the Standing
Committees. Individuals are prohibited from serving on more than one Standing
Committee at a time. 16.4.2 The Chair of each Standing Committee shall submit a
written report to the Board of Directors at least two times per year, in
conjunction with and a reasonable time prior to, the Annual and Semi-Annual
meetings. The report shall, at a minimum, provide a summary of all business
conducted by the committee, and a record of each vote taken by the committee.
The reports shall be distributed to each member of the Board of Directors and to
each of the committee members. Motion denied with Barrett and Basquine in
favor.
89. Withdrawn
90. Unanimous
consent to offer our inventory of yearbooks at a cost of $10 per book plus
shipping for the 1985-1998 books down to a minimum on hand in the Executive
Office of 25 books in each year.
91. Unanimous
consent to pay for the hotel rooms of the Board members for up to 5 nights.
92. Unanimous
consent that the Board be required to come 1 day early to the 2002 Annual Board
Meeting to work on an action plan for the TICA Business Plan. The TICA Trend
Report was provided by Cathy Welch, TICA Trend Editor. (See attached.)
93. Motion was
made by Parris and seconded by Mullen to accept the proposal to change 413.5 of
the Judging Program and 2014.2 of the Standing Rules. Motion denied unanimously.
Smith voted against because she feels strongly that the fees should remain the
same. Judging Program 413.5, change to read: A $150 honorarium should
customarily be offered to the instructor, conductor or moderator. Standing Rules
2014.2, change to read: 2014.2.1 Seminar - $150 2014.2.2 Judges’ School
- $150 2014.2.3 Judges’ Conference - $150
94. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Graham to accept the proposal to amend the
By-Laws and Standing Rules for Directors at Large as follows:
Standing Rules,
1011.4.3 As the President and Vice-President and Directors At Large do
not have regional travel funds and/or contributions available to them, the
President and Vice-President shall have first priority, and the Directors
At Large shall have second priority on payment of Board related expenses in
the event funds are not sufficient to cover all expenses for all Directors.
By-Laws, 15.1 Board of Directors The Board of Directors shall be comprised of a
President, a Vice President, two Directors At Large, and Regional Directors. No
member of the Board of Directors, or any of its committees, with the exception
of the President, or the Vice President, when acting as President, shall be
authorized to take any action, including but not limited to, entering into any
contract or obligation binding TICA, speaking for the Board of Directors, or
stating the policy of TICA, unless the Board of Directors has specifically
authorized such action by an individual member.
The President,
and the Vice President, when acting as President, is authorized to take any
action on behalf of the Association necessary to conduct the day–to–day
operations of the Association. The President is the official spokesperson for
the Association. This does not apply to Board Members or other officials whose
duties are outlined in the By–Laws.
15.2.4 Each
Director At Large shall be elected by the membership at large to serve a term of
3 years or until a successor is duly elected. The first Director At Large shall
be elected in 2003. The second Director At Large will be elected in 2005.
15.2.5 If for any
reason an office of Director At Large shall become vacant, the Board Of
Directors shall
appoint a qualified member of the Association to assume the office for the
balance of the unexpired term.
111.1.1 The
President and Vice President, and Directors At Large, shall be reimbursed
reasonable
amounts for postage and telephone upon their submission of detailed itemized statements.
111.1.3 The
President, Vice President, Directors At Large, and Regional Directors shall
be
reimbursed
reasonable travel expense to the Annual Convention and may be reimbursed
reasonable expenses incurred in attending any Board of Directors or membership
meeting if funds are available. Regional Directors' travel expenses shall be
reimbursed firstly from the Regions' escrow account.
114.3.1 The
election ballot shall contain a list of candidates. The ballot for election of
President, Vice
President, Directors At Large, and Regional Directors shall also contain
lines for write–in votes. The provisions of ARTICLE THIRTEEN shall apply to
election of officers.
115.1 Recall
Petition Members of the Association, a Region or Breed Section may petition
for recall of a
National Officer, Regional Director or Breed Committee member, respectively.
Upon an affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the Association, the
Region, or the Breed Section, the President, Vice President or Directors At
Large Regional Director or a member of the Breed Committee, respectively,
shall be removed from office immediately.
115.3 Signatures
and Fees. For recall of the President or Vice President, the petition shall
contain a minimum
of 250 signatures and shall be accompanied by $250; for Director At Large,
signatures of 200 and $200; for Regional Director, signatures of 150 or
one–half of the members of the Region and $150; for Breed Committee,
signatures of 50 or one–half of the members of the Breed Section and $50.
Motion denied with Barrett abstaining.
95. Unanimous
consent to accept the amendment to the Show Rules, By-Laws, and Standing Rules
as below: Show Rules, 28.1 Show protests may be filed pursuant to the By-Laws,
ARTICLE TWENTY-TWO, 122.2 and 122.3. By-Laws, 122.2.1. Complaints. The
complaining party must submit the show protest or other complaint on the
official form set forth in the Standing Rules to these Bylaws. The complaining
party must state the specific By-Law, Show Rule, Registration Rule or other rule
alleged to be violated by the accused party, and attach all documents and other
evidence which they contend supports the complaint or protest. Any complaint
must be filed with the Executive Office not later than 180 days after the
alleged incident occurred, and be accompanied by a non-refundable filing fee as
set forth in the Standing Rules. Any show protest must be filed with the Show
Committee and Executive Office not later than 10 working days after
the close of the show.
122.2.2 Show
Protests. Protests charging misconduct or violation of the rules of the
association,
arising in connection with a show, shall be submitted in writing with any
evidence and a [$25] filing fee as set forth in the Standing Rules, to
the Show Committee within 10 working days following the completion of the show.
If the protest is against the actions of the club, the show committee of the
club, a member of the club or show committee, or production company, the protest
can optionally be filed with the Executive Secretary of the Association, with
the [$25] filing fee as set forth in the Standing Rules, to be handled by
the Board of Directors pursuant to [ARTICLE TWENTYTWO, Section 2 of these
By-Laws] this article. A copy of the protest shall also be sent to the
show committee. The Board of Directors shall commence action on the protest,
pursuant to [Section 2 of]
1022.1.1 The
filing fee for ten (10) pages or less shall be $50
1022.1.2 The
filing fee for more than ten (10) pages shall be $50, PLUS $2 for each page over ten
(10).
1022.1.3 There
shall be no fee for filing a response of ten (10) pages or less. For each page over
ten (10), the fee shall be $2 per page.
96. Motion was
made by Mullen and seconded by Dickie to accept the proposal to amendments to
the Show Rules as below:
21.61 POLYDACTYL
- A cat having more than 5 toes on the front foot or feet and more than 4 toes
on the back foot or feet. [Ineligible for championship competition EXCEPT as
authorized by a Board approved standard.]
21.60 MONORCHID -
A male cat having only one descended testicle. [Adult whole males with only one
descended testicle are ineligible for competition and shall be disqualified.]
23.20 CRYPTORCHID
- A cryptorchid is eligible for competition only in the alter classes.
Motion carried
with Barrett, Basquine, Graham, Leal, Louwyck, Ohira opposed; Barrett voted
against because she felt it was redundant. The motion carried with DeVilbiss
breaking the tie.
97. Motion was
made by Mays and seconded by Dickie to accept the changes to the Show Rules as
below:
23.19
NON-DOMESTIC HYBRIDS - Cats which have a non-domestic ancestor as a parent,
grandparent or great grandparent are not eligible for competition in Kitten,
Championship, Alter, HHP, HHP or Assessment Classes; such cats may be
shown in the Evaluation or NB classes ONLY if approved by the Board of
Directors.
98. Motion was
made by Barrett and seconded by Mullen to accept the changes to the Show Rules
below:
29.2 The maximum
number of entries a club may accept is limited as follows: a. Alternative Format
- 125 entries (See Show Rule 21.16) b. Back-to-Back Format - 250 entries (See
Show Rule 21.14) c. Split Format (Two-Day Show) - 500 entries (See Show Rule
21.15) (See Show Rule 216.4)
29.3 In the
absence of a contracted judge, the show committee may appoint a substitute. In
such cases, an exhibitor may decline to allow his entries to compete, but may
not remove them from the show hall for this reason. The entry is merely
"withdrawn" from that particular ring and the judge's book will so
indicate; however, the entry is eligible for competition in all other rings.
When the advertised judge is unable to officiate, [or when an alternate judge is
employed because more than 200 entries are present,] wins made under the
substitute judge will be considered as having been earned under a
"different judge" upon counting final awards for Grand Championships.
Motion carried with Graham, Mullen, and Parris opposed and Ohira abstaining.
99. Unanimous
consent to reject the proposal to amend Show Rule 215.1 below:
Amend Show Rule
215.1 to read: Judges may not enter any cat or kitten for competition in any
part of a show or shows licensed by TICA at which they are judging, except in
cases of emergency as defined in 215.1.1 and 215.1.2. AND Add: 215.1.3 Members
of a judge’s household may enter cats on the day their household member is
judging, provided all of the following conditions are met:
a. The cat was
not bred by the judge;
b. The household
member is present at the show handling the cat
c. No agent is
allowed
d. The judge is
not a co-owner of the cat.
The proposal to
add Show Rule 216.12.12 was withdrawn by Barrett.
100. Motion was
made by Smith and seconded by Barrett to change Standing Rule 109.2 to read: All
Semi-Annual Meetings shall be held in the vicinity of the Executive Office in
Harlingen, Texas, or at a location approved by the Board of Directors. Motion
carried with Graham opposed.
101. Unanimous
consent to accept proposal for Standing Rule 1014.3 to read: TREND Fee. The fee
for a 500-word article to be published in the TICA TREND is $30. Candidates may
include a photo with the statement. Statements are limited to the
October/November TREND.
102. Unanimous
consent to accept the following changes to the Standing Rules:
203.1.1 Chausie's
with a 3rd generation non-domestic ancestor may be shown in Evaluation Class
with full disclosure for any judge handling the cat.
203.1.2
Savannah’s with a 3rd generation non-domestic ancestor may be shown in
Evaluation Class with full disclosure for any judge handling the cat.
103. Unanimous
consent to add to the Standing Rules:
204.3 At the
option of the club, each entry may include a nominal fee to help defray the cost
of expenses of the Regional Director. Said fee, to be determined by the club,
shall not exceed $1.00 per entry.
204.3.1 The club
shall account for and remit such fees to the regional fund.
104. Unanimous
consent to change the Standing Rules as below: Delete 601.2.25.5 and 601.2.25.6
as written.
Amend 901.4.3.4,
901.4.3.5 and 901.4.3.6 as follows:
901.4.3.4
Regional Awards. Regional Awards will be presented to the 20 cats, kittens,
alters, household pets, household pet kittens. and the 20 longhair cats and 20
shorttail cats having the highest aggregate points of all cats, kittens, alters,
household pets and household pet kittens, as applicable in the region. In order
to receive a Regional Award, the owner of the cat, kitten, alter, household pet
and household pet kitten must have exhibited the cat, kitten, alter, household
pet or household pet kitten, as applicable, in at least one TICA sanctioned cat
show in the region presenting the awards during the show year for which the
regional award was earned. All awards earned during the show year will be listed
accordingly for every region or recognized area and internationally.
901.4.3.4.1 All
winners are notified by letter by the appropriate Regional Director.
901.4.3.4.2 The
Top 2 Cats in each color of their respective breeds receive a color certificate
by mail from the appropriate Regional Director.
901.4.3.4.3 The
Top 20 Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens, in each
region are featured in a visual media presentation at the Regional Banquet.
901.4.3.4.4 The
Regional Top 20 Longhair Cats and Shorttail Cats, and Breed Award winners, are
honored at the Regional Awards Banquet.
901.4.3.4.5 The
Top 10 Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens are
featured in the TICA YEARBOOK in black and white free of charge. (Some regions
purchase pages in the TICA YEARBOOK to feature the 11th-20th Top Cats, Kittens,
Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens in black and white.)
901.4.3.5
International Awards. International Awards will be presented to the 20 cats,
kittens, alters, household pets, household pet kittens, and the 20 longhair cats
and 20 shorttail cats having the highest aggregate points of all cats, kittens,
alters, household pets and household pet kittens, as applicable in the
association during the applicable show year. All awards earned during the show
year will be listed accordingly for every region or recognized area and
internationally.
901.4.3.5.1 The
Top 20 Cats, Kittens, Alters, Household Pets and Household Pet Kittens, are
901.4.3.5.2 The
Top 20 longhair and shorttail cats, and the Best Cat in each breed are
901.4.3.5.3
International Best of Breed winners are pictured in the TICA YEARBOOK.
901.4.3.6 The
Executive Office is responsible for the International Awards. After Regional
105. Unanimous
consent to accept the changes to the description of Brown Tabby to read: Pattern
to be black; ground color ranging from a rich tawny brown, tan, or yellow to a
cold beige color depending on the amount of rufousing present.
106. Unanimous
consent to refer the TICA Annual Meeting/Awards Banquet Guidelines to the Rules
and Technical Terminology Committee.
107. Unanimous
consent to add to the Standing Rules 209.2.1: The Uniform Final Sheets provided
by the Executive Office in the show supplies must be used in the marked catalogs
sent to the Executive Office. Failure to submit marked Uniform Final Sheets with
the marked catalogs will result in a fine of $25 as directed by the Board of
Directors.
108. Unanimous
consent for the Board to consider catteries and members linked to the TICA
website during the Business Plan meeting at the 2002 Annual Meeting.
109. Unanimous
consent to adjourn.
February 15, 2002
To: TICA Board of
directors
From: TICA
Yearbook Editor
It is a great joy
to present the 2001 TICA Yearbook to you at this time. Your confidence in me
inspired me to live up to the promise I made to “present a quality yearbook in
a timely manner”. I hope it meets your expectations.
During this past
year, the staff and I sold more than 425 of this year’s yearbook before
publication, in addition to many previous yearbooks at the 2001 Annual. We
currently have six shows in this region that are donating booth space for
yearbook sales. We increased the number of ads, and expect to do so again. We
have included the Catalog of the Year, countless members of the year, and
wonderful pictures for Regional shows and banquets. We increased the number of
pages per region and the number of pages for In Memory, Supremes and Grands. We
also included many suggestions from the membership.
Our goals this
year for the 2002 yearbook are to increase sales, sell past issues of the
yearbook, work toward an all-color yearbook, acquire more pictures of regional
winners, move to all digital where possible, and have the yearbook to the
publishers earlier. I do need some help here. I am asking each board member to
please talk to your members and
• Persuade them
to advertise, and do it early
• Utilize the
Breeders Listing
• Urge them to
have their cats’ pictures taken
• Have them
send their pictures as soon as possible
• Include SASE
envelopes for picture return
• Suggest
publishing their Lifetime Achievement winners
• Encourage
them to consider writing breed articles
• Establish a
regional fund for yearbook pages
• Buy a
yearbook, or two
Again, I thank
you for your trust and confidence, for your continued help and consideration,
and your future support and understanding.
Sincerely,
JOHN HARRISON
AGREEMENT FOR
SERVICES - TICA YEARBOOK
This Agreement
for Services (“Agreement”) is by and between The International Cat
Association, Inc. (“TICA”) a Texas non-profit corporation, Post Office Box
2684, Harlingen, Texas, 78551, and John Harrison (“Harrison”) of 7354 Meadow
Breeze, San Antonio, Texas, 78227-1629.
1. DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES.
Harrison will provide to TICA the following services (collectively,
the “Services”): Editing, production and shipping of the Volume 23,
2001-2002 Annual Yearbook, Volume 24, 2002-2003 Annual Yearbook, and Volume 25,
2003-2004 Annual Yearbook, (“yearbook”), specifically including, but not
limited to, the following:
Inclusion of all
the following photographs, information and listings, unless otherwise
Top 20 Regional
Winners in each category
Judge of the year
Judges, including
Trainees
Executive Office
Staff
Clerks, including
Trainees
Awards for all
breeds recognized for championship
A minimum of two
informational articles
Any other items
mandated by the rules of TICA
Offering the
following photographs, information and listings to individuals and/or
organizations, at
an additional fee:
Color Winners
Supreme Grand
photographs
Other Title
photographs
Outstanding Sire
and Dam photographs
In Memory
Photographs
Breeder Directory
listings
Solicitation,
design and production of advertising; advertising will be for TICA registered
Providing to each
member of the Board of Directors, at no charge, a personalized,
Providing all
necessary overhead items in connection with the Services, including, but
2002 Semi-Annual
Meeting, Page 14
Forwarding to the
TICA Executive Office all remaining copies of the Yearbook after the
initial shipment;
Forwarding all
payments received relating to the Yearbook to the Executive Office.
2. DUTIES OF
TICA.
TICA shall:
Reimburse
Harrison monthly for approved expenses incurred, (not limited to telephone
3. PAYMENT OF SERVICES.
In exchange for the Services TICA will pay compensation to Harrison
for the Services of $8,000.00, in quarterly (April, July, October, and January)
installment payment(s) of $2,000.00 each, beginning in April, 2002. In the event
initial shipping of the yearbook occurs on or before February 15th of each year, Harrison shall be paid an additional fee
of $2000.00.
4. TERM.
This
Agreement will terminate automatically upon completion by Harrison of the
Services required by this agreement.
5. WORK PRODUCT OWNERSHIP.
Any copyrightable works, ideas, discoveries, inventions, patents,
products, or other information (collectively the “Work Product”) developed
in whole or in part by Harrison in connection wit the Services will be the
exclusive property of TICA. Upon request, Harrison will execute all documents
necessary to confirm or perfect the exclusive ownership of TICA to the Work
Product.
6. CONFIDENTIALITY.
Harrison, and his employees, agents , or representatives will
not at any time or in any manner, either directly or indirectly, use for the
personal benefit of Harrison, or divulge, disclose, or communicate in any
manner, any information that is proprietary to TICA. Harrison and his employees,
agents and representatives will protect such information and treat it as
strictly confidential. This provision will continue to be effective after the
termination of the Agreement. Upon termination of this agreement, Harrison will
return to TICA all records, notes, documentation and other items that were used,
created, or controlled by Harrison during the term of this Agreement.
7. INDEMNIFICATION.
Harrison agrees to indemnify and hold TICA harmless from all
claims, losses, expenses, fees including attorney fees, costs, and judgments
that may be asserted against TICA that result from the acts or omissions of
Harrison and/or Harrison’s employees, agents, or representatives.
8. WARRANT.
Harrison shall provide its services and meet its obligations under this
Agreement in a timely and workmanlike manner, using knowledge and
recommendations for performing the services which meet generally acceptable
standards in Harrison’s community and region, and will provide a standard of
care equal to, or superior to, care used by service providers similar to
Harrison on similar projects.
9. REMEDIES.
In
addition to any and all other rights a party may have available according to
law, if a party defaults by failing to substantially perform any provision, term
or condition of this Agreement (including without limitation the failure to make
a monetary payment when due), the other party may terminate the Agreement by
providing written notice to the defaulting party. This notice shall described
with sufficient detail the nature of the default. The party receiving such
notice shall have 30 days from the effective date of such notice to cure the
default(s) within such time period shall result in the automatic termination of
this Agreement.
10. ENTIRE AGREEMENT.
This Agreement contains the entire agreement of the parties, and
there are no other promises or conditions in any other agreement whether oral or
written concerning the subject matter of this agreement. This Agreement
supersedes any prior written or oral agreements between the parties.
11. SEVERABILITY.
If any provision of the Agreement will be held to be invalid or unenforceable
for any reason, the remaining provisions will continue to be valid and
enforceable. If a court finds that any provision it would become valid and
enforceable, then such provision will be deemed to be written, construed, and
enforced as so limited.
12. AMENDMENT.
This Agreement may be modified or amended in writing, if the writing is signed
by the party obligated under the amendment.
13. GOVERNING LAW.
This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State
of Texas.
14. NOTICE.
Any
notice or communication required or permitted under this Agreement shall be
sufficiently given if delivered in person or by certified mail, return receipt
requested, to the address set forth in the opening paragraph or to such other
address as on party may have furnished to the other in writing.
15. ASSIGNMENT.
Neither party may assign or transfer this Agreement without the prior written
consent of the non-assigning party, which approval shall not be unreasonably
withheld.
Computer Report
The TICA Data
System (TDS) replaces the original separate programs for membership, cat
registrations, litter registrations, scoring and DAR (daily activity records).
Steps used to
develop the new system were:
1. Confirm and
document the TICA Executive Office business processes and business rules. The
resulting document is the TICA Data Dictionary.
2. Design new
data structures to combine the separate systems into one data environment.
3. Build new
screens, reports and database containers, accessible from any computer at the
Executive Office.
4. Transition the
existing data into the new system. This required changing field types and
5. Upgrade all
desktops to Windows 2000 Professional. Replace all WIN95 computers.
6. Current
project status is the Transition Phase. We will be testing the programs, adding
new business logic and reports and training the staff on the new system.
TICA Data Systems
(TDS)
* Past
..........DOS - where we came from and why
*
Present......Windows - where we are and what we can do
*
Future.......Work flow automation - where we are going and what that gives TICA
PAST - System(S)
* Five custom
programs designed to support the business rules and processes of the Executive
Office.
- Membership -
Registration - Litters - Scoring - DAR
- Dos Based -
FoxPro 2
- Programs
maintain data separate
- Not Available
at every computer
- Windows 95
In the past, the
Executive Office had DOS based programs running on a mixture of DOS and windows
computers. These programs were custom written to match the Executive Office
business processes and work flow. The business logic contained in these systems
is still the same and is the foundation for the new systems.
These programs
are considered past only because they are separate programs not available at all
computers and were not written in today’s windows tools. Compatibility with
Windows 2000 is not supported. As TICA grows, the amount of work is increasing
and the time to deliver is decreasing while the desire for higher quality output
is greater. These changes have motivated TICA to move from a character,
DOS-based system to a graphical multi-user windows system.
With DOS
Registration, we had:
* Custom screen
and menu centered around Executive Office processes
* Keyboard driven
(no mice)
* Not multiuser
The DOS-based
programs had:
* Limited menus
* Limited look-up
methods and speed
* Character
limitations in screen usage
With the new TICA
Data System, we have:
* One custom
program that joins all the business rules and data in one system.
Clients -
Registration - Litters - Scoring - DAR
Windows - Visual
Fox 7 - Visual Pro Matrix - XL
One database
All data
available at each computer Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2000
Professional is a 100mb Ethernet network with file and print sharing across the
network running a business driven relational database application. TICA programs
are written in Visual FoxPro 7 (VFP7) supporting XL data transfer protocol
utilizing a framework from Visual Pro Matrix (VPM). This combination of tools
and methods will protect the investment that TICA has in both programs and data.
VFP7 has migration methods to SQL if required and VPM is a development method
that simplifies production of and changes to the data and programs. VPM is
framework for VFP7, in-short, a document and supported automation method that
establishes standards. This allows reuse of code and reduces the learning curve
if another programmer needs to be added to the development effort.
This protects the
TICA investment and is enhanced because VPM also offers programming support.
The
TICA Data System is sever-based with expanded menus, and flexible and fast
lockups. Each screen has the same character to reduce training time. The client
data is connected to many child records for cattery, breeds, litters and
registrations, so that one client has many connections. The future Work Flow
Automation will be accomplished with by completing the transition to TDS by
enhancing the system to support realtime work-piece tracking with Scoring and
Confirmations at the center of the system to notify clients of pending titles
and automate the scoring process. Since many changes were made to produce one
data system, a transition period that trains the Executive Office staff and
confirms the business rules in the new system must be conducted. Then the
foundation for Scoring/Confirmations and work flow tracking will be in place to
complete the system. The work in the Executive Office is measured, for the most
part, on what is most visible to the membership. Scoring and confirmations is
the most visible. It is the measured result of breeding and shows. The speed and
accuracy that work is completed is secondary. By moving to one data system we
are prepared to finish the scoring system so that it receives data from the
shows and tracks confirmations for TICA registered cats.
In addition, most
often when the phone rings at TICA it represents a question about the status of
work in process. The staff at TICA needs the computer system to know this status
so that the call consumes the least time and effort and immediate information is
given to the client. That is work flow automation and will now be possible with
an integrated system.
The TICA Data
System is a proprietary system owned solely by TICA. All the resulting programs,
reports and data are the property of TICA. It has financial value and should be
secured. It is important to remember that much of the development at TICA is
done in a production environment. In this way, the programs match the work and
fit the business processes. It is how a new system is produced and installed
while continuing the regular work flow. It has been made possible through the
applied knowledge and great effort of the TICA Executive Office Staff.
Volume 22,
Numbers 4-6
Production Cost:
$24,211.93
Total Income:
5,726.90
Total Cost:
$18,485.03
2001 Year-End
Report: Volume 22, Number 1-6
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 Total
#pages: 64 #60 36 *48 •68 36 312
#printed: 2,450 2,600 2,900 2,350
3,100 3,300 16,700
Total Production: $7,948.34
$7,455.28 $6,337.97 $7,286.92¤$11,096.22 $8,900.13 $49,024.86
Income: 2,478.80 922.00 1,983.60
3,193.40 2,772.00 2,842.00 14,191.80
Total Cost: $5,469.54 $6,533.28
$4,354.37 $4,093.52 $8,324.22 $6,058.13 $34,833.06
Per Copy Cost: $2.23 $2.51 $1.50
$1.74 $2.69 $1.84 $2.09
# Show Reports
removed from Trend
*Regional Awards
Trend
•International
Awards Trend
¤Printing costs
increased due to having extra copies printed after the first printing
Because of the
dramatic increase in Trend postage in Volume 2, Number 5, I feel it’s
appropriate to add the following chart:
International
members, including Canada: No. 1 746
No. 2 812
No. 3 921
No. 4 879
No. 5 1,403
No. 6 1,452
Three-Year
Comparison
Vol. 20 (1999)
Vol. 21 (2000) Vol. 22 (2001)
#pages: 348 368
312
#printed: 16,520
14,900 16,700
Total Production:
$53,010.14 $46,060.82 $49,024.86
Income: 11,946.20
13,570.60 14,191.80
Total Cost:
$41,063.94 $32,490.22 $34,833.06
Per Copy Cost:
$2.49 $2.18 $2.09
CHAUSIE (CU)
HEAD . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
40 points
Shape . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 7
Ears . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 7
Eyes . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 5
Chin . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 4
Muzzle . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 4
Nose . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 5
Profile . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 6
Neck . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 2
BODY . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ....
40 points
Torso . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 8
Legs . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 8
Feet . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 6
Tail . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 4
Boning . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 7
Musculature . . .
. . . . . . . 7
COAT/COLOR/PATTERN
. . . . . . 20 points
Texture . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 6
Pattern . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 8
Color . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 6
CATEGORY:
Traditional.
DIVISION: Solid
and Tabby Divisions.
COLORS: Black,
Brown Ticked Tabby, and Silver Tipped.
HEAD:
Shape: Broad
modified wedge, medium in size with a long, sloping forehead and high angular
cheekbones. The muzzle is long and squared a tthe end. A change in direction at
the sides of the muzzle gives the appearance of rounded whisker pads.
Eyes: Medium,
walnut-shaped and set on bias to just below the outside edge of the ear.
Preferred eye color in the brown ticked tabby is gold, with hazel to light green
and yellow allowed. Preferred eye color in black and silver tipped is yellow,
with gold and hazel allowed.
Profile: Long
sloping forehead flows into the rise between the eyes, continuing down with a
slight change of direction before the end of the noes. End of nose turns down
slightly to meet the nose leather.
Ears: Large, wide
at the base, should be taller than the width of the base set equally on top and
the side of the head with a slight flare and tapering to slightly rounded tips.
Ears tufts preferred, but lack of tufts is not a penalty.
Neck: The muscular
neck is of medium length and thickness.
Muzzle: Long and
squared at the end with a whisker break that enhances appearance of rounded
whisker pads.
Chin: Strong,
full, both in profile and frontal view and with substantial depth.
Nose: Medium-wide
with good breadth between the eyes. Nose leather is full and fleshy.
BODY:
Torso: Long, lean
and substantial; the large rectangular body is strong and athletic, with a full
chest and good depth of body without any roundness of the ribcage.
Legs: The legs are
moderately long, well muscled with medium boning. The hind legs are slightly
longer than the front, as the cat is built for running and leaping.
Feet: The legs are
round and small in comparison to the overall size of the cat.
Tail:
Three-quarter or full length tail acceptable; the 3/4 tail has less vertebrae
and is preferred. Both tail lengths should be of medium thickness and fully
articulated.
Musculature: The
musculature of the Chausie is long and lean rather than bulky.
Boning: The
Chausie has a medium to large boning with long, lithe legs, giving the Chausie a
tall, substantial yet elegant look.
COAT/COLOR/PATTERN:
Length: Short to
medium, with enough length to accommodate at least two bands of ticking.
Allowance for slightly longer coat
Texture: A dense,
coarse, resilient coat.
COLORS:
Brown ticked
tabby: A mouse-gray color next to the skin with sandy-gray to reddish-gold base
coat. The coat will have two or more bands of color in the ticking. Reverse
ticking and/or flecking may also be present on the face and barring should
appear on the upper front legs, to the hock on the back legs and on the black
tipped tail. Barring may or may not be present on the neck. Faint tabby markings
on the body may be present but not preferred. The backs of the ears will have
"thumbprint" markings of a lighter color. A white or off-white color
should outline the eyes and muzzle. Nose leather pink to brick red. The
underside will range in color from white or off-white to sandy-gold. Stomach may
appear flecked, speckled or spotted.
Black: Solid
black.
Silver tipped:
This is a black-based cat with agouti ticking ending in either lightened tips,
dark tips, or a combination of both on the same cat. Faint trabby markings may
occur. This color is derived from the Jungle Cat–it does not seem to be
determined by the inhibitor gene I as known in the domestic cat. Ear furnishings
will appear silver and will be banded. Nose leather and paw pads will be black.
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION: The Chausie is a statuesque cat, tall,k upright, medium to large
framed, and regal in stance with the musculature of an agile hunter. Males will
be proportionately with the males being proportionately larger than the females.
The goal of the Chausie program is to create a good-natured domestic cat with
the look and beauty of the Jungle Cat. They have large, mobile, tufted ears,
long legs and a naturally short tail, reaching to the hock. The Chausie should
be amenable to handling and must not show signs of challenge.
ALLOWANCES: Hazel
to light green eye color allowed. Full-length tails are acceptable though not
preferred.
PENALIZE:
Gooseberry Green eyes. A cat that is refined or too heavily boned. A cat void of
tabby markings on the legs or tail. Definite spotting on the body (faint pattern
only allowed).
WITHHOLD ALL
AWARDS: Tail too short, resulting from a mutated gene (MX /PB/BB). Tail kinked
or lacking flexibility. Polydactyl feet. True mackerel or classic pattern. White
lockets. Any colors other than the three allowable colors.
– – – –
–
Temperament must
be unchallenging; any sign of definite challenge shall disqualify. The cat may
exhibit fear, seek to flee, or generally complain aloud but may not threaten to
harm."
Evidence of intent
to deceive the judge by artificial means, cats with all or part of their tail
missing (except those breeds whose standard calls for this feature), totally
blind cats, cats having more or less than five toes on each front foot and four
on each back foot (unless proved to be the result of an injury or as authorized
by a Board approved standard), male cats in the adult championship class which
do not have two descended testicles, and, at the discretion of the judge, tail
faults (visible or invisible) and/or crossed eyes shall be disqualified from
championship competition.
See Show Rules,
ARTICLE SIXTEEN for comprehensive rules governing penalties/disqualifications
applying to all breeds.
NORWEGIAN FOREST
(NF)
HEAD . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 points
Shape . . . . . .
. . . . . . 8
Ears . . . . . .
. . . . . . .. 8
Eyes .. . . . . .
. . . . . . 8
Chin . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 4
Muzzle . . . . .
. . . . . . 4
Profile . . . . .
. . . . . . . 8
BODY . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 points
Torso . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 7
Legs . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 7
Tail . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 7
Boning . . . . .
. . . . . . . 7
Musculature . . .
. . . . . 7
COAT AND COLOR .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 points
Length . . . . .
. . . . . . . 5
Texture . . . . .
. . . . . . 20
CATEGORY:
Traditional.
DIVISION: All
Divisions.
COLORS: All
Colors.
HEAD:
Shape: Triangular,
where all sides are equally long when measured from the outer base of the ears
to the chin and between the outer base of the ears; good height when seen in
profile; forehead is sloped back.
Eyes: Large,
almond shaped, set obliquely. Alert expression. All eye colors except odd-eyes
or blue permitted regardless of coat color. Odd-eyes and blue eyes permitted in
white and with white only.
Ears: Large, wide
at the base, arched forward as if listening, slightly rounded tips that appear
pointed when lynx tips are present. Lynx tips and furnishings that extend beyond
the outer edge of each ear are desirable. The outer edge of the ear should
follow the line of the head down to the chin.
Muzzle: Following
the line of the triangular head, with no evidence of pinch or snippiness.
Profile: Long,
straight profile from tip of nose to brow without break in line, i.e., no stop.
Neck: Muscular;
medium in length.
BODY:
Torso: Medium long
and substantial.
Legs: In
proportion to the body length, with hind legs higher than fore legs.
Feet: Large,
round, well-tufted.
Tail: Long and
bushy. Should be at least as long as the body.
Boning:
Substantial.
Musculature:
Strongly built and sturdy.
COAT/COLOR:
Length: Semi-long.
Texture: The
dense, woolly undercoat is covered by a smooth, water repellant upper coat which
consists of long, coarse and glossy hair covering the back and the sides. A
fully coated cat has a full ruff and britches.
Colors: All colors
of all divisions of the traditional category are recognized including all colors
with white. Any amount of white
OTHER:
Balance: Muscular
and well- proportioned.
Condition: Not
applicable/ assumed.
Temperament:
Intelligent and independent.
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION: The Norwegian Forest cat has evolved through the centuries as a
product of its environment. They had to feed, defend, and protect themselves
from the elements in the forests. Only the cats that were good hunters and fast
to escape from predators survived. Norwegian Forest cats that survived their
first winter had the correct, semi-long, water-repellant coat and were
well-proportioned, strong, and intelligent. These no nonsense traits carry into
the show ring. The Norwegian Forest
cat is
intelligent, independent and alert to its surroundings. A Norwegian Forest cat A
Norwegian Forest cat is large to medium-large size overall and strongly built.
They are high on their legs, with a medium long, rectangular body. Their hind
legs are higher than
their fore legs.
They are muscular and heavily boned. Their head is tri-angular, with all three
sides equal when measured between the outer base of each ear and from these
points to the chin. The profile is long and straight with no break or stop and
displays a
strong chin. Their
eyes are expressive, large, wide almond-shaped, and set on an oblique tilt.
Their ears are large, open and set in line with the triangular shape of the
head. They may be well-tufted and have lynx tips. Their tail is long, flowing
and carried high.
The Norwegian
Forest cat is known for its dense, rich fur with a woolly undercoat covered by
long, coarse guard hairs. This coat is warm and water-repellant. A fully coated
cat has a full ruff and britches. In the summer, the coat is short. The coat
feels dense, especially on tabbies. Solid, bicolor and tri-color cats often have
a softer coat. The length of the Norwegian Forest cat coat is semilong, which
means that it should not be as long as a Persian coat. The overall appearance is of an
alert, healthy, firm, muscular and well-proportioned cat. The males are large
and imposing, often weighing 12-15 pounds or more. The females can be
considerably smaller. This breed is not fully developed until 5 years of age.
ALLOWANCES:
Buttons, spots and
lockets allowed in all colors. Length of coat and density of undercoat vary with
the seasons. Under no circumstances should a cat be penalized for having a
semi-long coat. Coat is evaluated primarily on texture and quality. Allow for
size difference between males and females. Very slow maturing of this breed
should be taken into account. Mature males may have broader heads than females.
PENALIZE:
Too small and
finely built cats. Round or square head; profile with a break (stop). Round
eyes. Ears too small or narrow at the base. Legs that are short, thin - not in
proportion to the body, or cowhocked. Short tail. Cobby or extremely long body.
Dry or silky texture on coat.
– – – – –
Temperament must
be unchallenging; any sign of definite challenge shall disqualify. The cat may
exhibit fear, seek to flee, or generally complain aloud but may not threaten to
harm."
Evidence of intent
to deceive the judge by artificial means, cats with all or part of their tail
missing (except those breeds whose standard calls for this feature), totally
blind cats, cats having more or less than five toes on each front foot and four
on each back foot (unless proved to be the result of an injury or as authorized
by a Board approved standard), and, at the discretion of the judge, tail faults
(visible or invisible) and/or crossed eyes shall be disqualified from
championship competition.
See Show Rules,
ARTICLE SIXTEEN for comprehensive rules governing penalties/disqualifications
applying to all breeds.
.
EL
CONTROL QUIMICO DEL COMPORTAMIENTO (y II)
Comportamiento animal,
un enfoque evolutivo y ecológico, Madrid 2001.
Richard Maier, universidad
de Loyola (Chicago, EEUU).
|
La idea de
que en el interior del cuerpo había diversas sustancias químicas que regulaban
su funcionamiento normal se remonta a la antigüedad. El médico griego
Hipócrates sugirió que la buena salud era el resultado de un perfecto
equilibrio entre cuatro fluidos. Pero hasta el año 1840 no se realizó ningún
experimento propiamente dicho sobre las hormonas. A.Berthold castró a
varios gallos, observó los cambios que se producían en su
comportamiento y después les reimplantó los testículos. Berthold comprobó
que los animales volvían a presentar conductas sexuales normales y concluyó
que los testículos liberan alguna sustancia en la sangre cuya función consiste
en regular la conducta sexual.
En la
primera parte del siglo XX los investigadores empezaron a experimentar
sistemáticamente con sustancias extraídas de glándulas endocrinas y se
utilizó por primera vez el término hormona. El método general de
Barthold consiste en extirpar una glándula endocrina, observar los cambios
comportamentales, restablecer los niveles hormonales y volver a observar los
cambios comportamentales, sigue siendo un procedimiento experimental muy
extendido en la actualidad. Sin embargo, hiy en día también es posible
identificar los efectos locales de las hormonas implantando hormonas en áreas
concretas del cuerpo del animal, sobre todo en determinadas partes del cerebro.
Entonces, los investigadores pueden observar los efectos específicos tanto en
el comportamiento como en la actividad neural y hacer inferencias sobre la
función que desempeña cada hormona (véase Turner y Bagnara, 1976).
Los
investigadores también pueden observar los efectos de lasa diferencias
naturales sobre los niveles hormonales. Estas diferencias pueden relacionarse
con factores como la posición de los fetos de rata en el útero materno o la
insensibilidad congénita a ciertas hormonas.
La mayoría
de las glándulas endocrinas, sobre todo en los vertebrados, liberan las
hormonas directamente en el terreno sanguíneo. Una vez en el torrente
sanguíneo, las hormonas viajan por el cuerpo del animal, a menudo ejerciendo su
influjo en partes alejadas de la glándula secretora. Como ocurre con las
feromonas, las hormonas tienen dos tipos generales de efectos. Los efectos
organizadores estimulan cambios estructurales relativamente permanentes
en la organización neural Estos cambios suelen tener lugar durante los
períodos sensibles del desarrollo propios de las primeras etapas de la vida.
Sin
embargo, los efectos activadores
son transitorios y solamente perduran mientras la hormona se encuentra en
grandes cantidades. Como indica su nombre, es te tipo de efectos activan
patrones neurales que ya estaban presentes.
Conducta reproductora
A
continuación, analizaremos los efectos organizadores y activadores que tienen
las hormonas sexuales sobre la conducta reproductora. Dos hormonas esteroides
íntimamente relacionadas entre sí y producidas por las gónadas (la
testosterona y el estradiol),
ejercen un influjo fundamental sobre la conducta sexual. La similitud existente
entre estas dos hormonas sexuales se pone de manifiesto tanto en la estructura
bioquímica como en el proceso de síntesis. De hecho, el estradiol se sintetiza
a partir de la testosterona, con la ayuda de un enzima. Muchas células
cerebrales contienen este enzima, por lo que la testosterona puede entrar en una
célula, sufrir un proceso de síntesis y transformarse en estradiol,
produciendo el efecto propio de una molécula de éste último tipo (Bonsall et
al., 1992).
Tener un
nivel elevado de testosterona es básico para distintos aspectos de la
sexualidad masculina. Asimismo, tener un escaso nivel de testosterona es básico
para la sexualidad femenina.
La
testosterona es el miembro más influyente de un tipo de hormonas denominadas
andrógenos. Lamentablemente, el término andrógeno, derivado de la
palabra griega “hombre”, confunde un poco, ya que los andrógenos pueden
afectar al comportamiento de las hembras, aparte de al de los machos.
Comparativamente, el estradiol es la hormona más potente del grupo de los
estrógenos, un tipo de hormonas cuyo nombre deriva del término griego
“mujer”. De nuevo, el término estrógeno crea cierta confusión, ya
que los estrógenos pueden afectar tanto al comportamiento de los machos como al
de las hembras.
Varias
clases de vertebrados producen testosterona y estradiol, y la composición
bioquímica de cada una de estas hormonas es muy similar en todas ellas.
Consistentemente con esta similitud, la misma hormona que influye sobre el
desarrollo de la tendencia a aparearse de los machos de rana estimula el
crecimiento de la melena en los macho de león.
Por lo tanto, aunque las funciones específicas de las hormonas sexuales han
cambiado, no ha tenido lugar ningún cambio evolutivo en la estructura de estas
hormonas a lo largo de muchos millones de años.
Efectos organizadores de las
hormonas sobre la conducta reproductora
Los fetos
de rata expuestos a distintas cantidades de testosterona en condiciones
naturales, desarrollan distintos grados de masculinización. Las investigaciones
sobre los efectos de la castración también han aportado pruebas de que durante
las primeras etapas del desarrollo la testosterona tiene un efecto organizador
sobre los centros nerviosos relacionados con la reproducción. Por ejemplo, los
machos de rata que tienen cantidades normales de testosterona desarrollan un
área pre-óptica que es el doble de grande que el área pre-óptica de los
machos castrados inmediatamente después del nacimiento (Jacobson, 1978). El
área pre-óptica está implicada en la conducta sexual de los machos.
Puesto que
la testosterona posee un efecto
masculinizante sobre el desarrollo de los órganos sexuales y de las estructuras
cerebrales relacionadas con la conducta sexual, no debe extrañar que exista una
relación significativa entre el nivel de testosterona y la conducta sexual. Por
lo tanto, si se castra a un macho nada más nacer, presentará una menor
tendencia a implicarse en comportamientos sexuales cuando sea adulto, incluso
aunque posteriormente se le inyecte testosterona. Asimismo presentará una
tendencia incrementada a manifestar conductas propias de las hembras, otro
ejemplo de la feminización. En consonancia con estos resultados, las hembras de
rata a quienes se les inyecta testosterona nada más nacer, cuando se hacen
adultas presentan menos conductas propias de las hembras y más conductas
propias de los machos (Svare, 1988).
Los
principios de la masculinización y de la feminización (relacionados con la
presencia o ausencia de testosterona durante un período sensible del
desarrollo), son aplicables a los efectos organizadores de las hormonas sobre
varias estructuras y comportamientos relacionados con el apareamiento. de todos
modos, los períodos sensibles para el desarrollo neural específico y el
desarrollo del potencial para la conducta sexual no coinciden en el tiempo.
Efectos activadores:
comportamiento sexual masculino
La
testosterona estimula el desarrollo de los caracteres sexuales secundarios
masculinos, como el plumaje llamativo de muchas aves, la cornamenta de algunos
ungulados y la melena de los leones. La producción de testosterona está
regulada por una hormona segregada por la hipófisis anterior denominada hormona
folículo-estimulante (FSH) (1).
En la mayoría de especies de aves y en muchos ungulados con cornamenta, la
producción de FSH es sensible a la longitud del ciclo diario (la duración del
día). Consecuentemente, la producción de FSH es estacional, y los machos sólo
desarrollan los caracteres sexuales secundarios durante la estación
reproductora.
Sin
embargo, en muchos mamíferos, como los leones, la producción de FSH es
relativamente constante y, consecuentemente, los machos retienen los caracteres
sexuales secundarios durante todo el año. Esta constancia es posible debido al
circuito de retroalimentación negativa que se establece entre ciertas partes
del cerebro y los testículos. Cuando el nivel de FSH es elevado, los
testículos son inducidos a producir testosterona. pero, cuando los receptores
del hipotálamo detectan un nivel elevado de testosterona en sangre, el
hipotálamo envía un mensaje químico a la hipófisis anterior que reduce la
producción de FSH. El descenso del nivel de FSH provoca una disminución de la
producción de la testosterona. Una vez desciende el nivel de testosterona, cesa
la inhibición de la producción de FSH, y, de este modo, vuelve a aumentar el
nivel de testosterona. Este circuito de retroalimentación permite que la
mayoría de los mamíferos retengan sus caracteres sexuales secundarios durante
todo el año.
Además,
los machos de mamífero manifiestan interés sexual durante todo el año, ya que
el impulso sexual masculino suele estar directamente relacionado con el nivel de
testosterona. De todas formas, hay algunas excepciones importantes a esta norma.
La castración de un primate que ha tenido experiencias sexuales previamente no
suele eliminar el interés sexual. Al parecer, la sexualidad de los primates
depende menos de la testosterona y más de la experiencia que la sexualidad de
la mayoría de los mamíferos no primates (Daly y Wilson, 1983).
Después de
la eyaculación, los machos suelen entrar en un período
refractario; es decir, un
período durante el cual no reaccionan ante la estimulación sexual. ¿Cuál es
la causa próxima de esta pérdida temporal del interés sexual? Al eyacular, se
segregan dos hormonas producidas por la hipófisis anterior, la
oxitocina y la prolactina,
en grandes cantidades. Al parecer, estas hormonas inducen al reposo y provocan
una pérdida del interés sexual inmediatamente después de la eyaculación
(Oaknim et al., 1989).
Efectos activadores:
comportamiento sexual femenino
En los
mamíferos como la rata, la receptividad sexual de la hembra está regulada por
dos hormonas: el estradiol y la progesterona,
una hormona esteroide segregada por el cuerpo lúteo de los ovarios. Los
resultados de las investigaciones en que se bloqueó experimentalmente la
producción de estas hormonas indican que el estradiol “prepara” a la
hembra. Después, si es estimulada por la progesterona en algún momento del
período de tiempo comprendido entre las 18 y las 24 horas siguientes, la hembra
se vuelve receptiva (Takahashi, 1990).
La
preparación mediante el estradiol seguida de la estimulación mediante
progesterona tiene otros efectos añadidos. Las hembras no son meras receptoras
pasivas de los intentos de interacción sexual de los machos, sino que en muchos
casos manifiestan proceptividad (2),
o la tendencia a fomentar la interacción sexual con los machos. Por ejemplo, la
hembra de rata agita las orejas, se agacha y pone la cola hacia un lado,
conductas que, al parecer, excitan tremendamente a los machos.
El
estradiol y la progesterona también incrementan el atractivo de las hembras
provocando ciertos cambios corporales. Por ejemplo, la orina de las hembras de
perro o de gato (Felis sp.) que están en estro atrae a los machos, a
veces desde grandes distancias. Las hembras de chimpancé (Pan troglodytes)
desarrollan un área rosada e hinchada en la zona genital que atrae a los machos
coespecíficos.
La hormona
FSH estimula la producción de estradiol en las hembras, de forma similar a lo
que ocurre en los machos con la producción de testosterona. Cuando se inicia el
ciclo estral o menstrual femenino, los niveles de FSH son bajos. Conforme van
aumentando los niveles de FSH durante la primera parte del ciclo, se va
segregando estradiol, que, a su vez, estimula la liberación de otra hormona
producida por la hipófisis anterior: la hormona luteinizante (LH) (3).
Esta hormona induce la ovulación y estimula el desarrollo del cuerpo lúteo y
la producción de progesterona. Por último, cuando los niveles de estradiol y
de progesterona alcanzan un umbral determinado, cesa la producción de FSH y de
LH y la hembra inicia un nuevo ciclo. En otras palabras, la interacción entre
las dos hormonas producidas por los ovarios (el estradiol y la progesterona) y
las dos hormonas producidas por la hipófisis anterior (FSH y LH) regulan la
recurrencia rítmica del ciclo reproductor femenino.
En algunos
primates, como el bonobo (Pan paniscus), las hembras son sexualmente receptivas
durante la mayor parte del ciclo menstrual. Aparentemente, la receptividad de
los bonobos no depende demasiado de los niveles de estradiol (véase Kano,
1992). Por lo menos parte de esta receptividad sexual continua a lo largo de
todo el ciclo menstrual puede explicarse apelando a la relación existente entre
la testosterona y la receptividad sexual. Los niveles de testosterona, hormona
que en las hembras es segregada en cantidades reducidas por las glándula
suprarrenales, correlacionan con el interés sexual (Everitt et al., 1972).
Puesto que la testosterona se segrega durante todo el ciclo menstrual, esta
hormona permite mantener el interés sexual en algunos primates durante todo el
ciclo reproductor.
Efectos activadores:
comportamiento maternal
Después
del apareamiento, las hormonas siguen contribuyendo a los procesos reproductores
influyendo sobre el comportamiento maternal. Los niveles elevados de
progesterona y prolactina median conjuntamente conductas tan distintas como la
incubación en la gallina doméstica (Gallus domesticus) o la lactancia
en los mamíferos (véase Johnson, 1986).
Aparte de
la progesterona y la prolactina, la oxitocina también interviene en la
lactancia. La oxitocina estimula el reflejo de subida de la leche al área del
pezón, una respuesta que es imprescindible para que una cría de mamífero
pueda obtener leche al succionar. Cuando una cría de mamífero mama por primera
vez, la estimulación de los pezones de la madre induce la liberación de
oxitocina y la subsiguiente subida de la leche. Después, conforme la cría
sigue mamando, la estimulación del pezón mantiene elevado el nivel de
oxitocina, lo que, a su vez, estimula la producción de prolactina. Por último,
los niveles elevados de prolactina permiten producir leche de forma continua.
Este circuito de retroalimentación positiva permite que la madre mamífera
produzca grandes cantidades de oxitocina y prolactina solamente durante la
lactancia (Lehrman, 1961).
Durante la
lactancia, las hembras de mamífero no entran en estro porque los niveles
elevados de prolactina inhiben la producción de estradiol. Por lo tanto, la
prolactina no sólo fomenta el comportamiento maternal, sino que también evita
que la madre mantenga relaciones sexuales y se quede embarazada. El
espaciamiento de los nacimientos forma parte de la estrategia reproductora tipo
K.
A modo de
conclusión, siempre tiene lugar una interacción entre el comportamiento y las
hormonas. No sólo los niveles hormonales influyen sobre el comportamiento, sino
que el comportamiento puede influir sobre los niveles hormonales.
La interacción entre las
hormonas y las neuronas en la reproducción
El hecho de
que estimular a un macho suministrándole testosterona durante las primeras
etapas del desarrollo provoque un crecimiento del área pre-óptico es un
ejemplo de cómo las hormonas interaccionan con las neuronas en el control de la
conducta reproductora. Otro ejemplo lo encontramos en el desarrollo de
receptores sensibles a la testosterona en las neuronas. Si se estimula a un
animal suministrándole testosterona durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo
tiene lugar un incremento de la cantidad de receptores neuronales para la
testosterona en el área pre-óptica (Rosello et al., 1989). Por lo tanto, la
masculinización provocada por la testosterona puede ser el resultado del
incremento tanto de la cantidad de neuronas como de su sensibilidad a la
testosterona.
En lo que
se refiere a la feminización, existen pruebas de que la estimulación precoz
con testosterona también provoca una reducción de la cantidad de receptores
para los estrógenos en las neuronas del cerebro (Rainbow et al., 1984). En
circunstancias normales, los machos desarrollan una cantidad relativamente
escasa de receptores neuronales para los estrógenos y, por lo tanto, es menos
probable que presenten comportamientos típicamente femeninos.
Conducta social
La
testosterona no sólo influye directamente sobre el comportamiento sexual de los
machos, sino que contribuye indirectamente al éxito reproductor de estos
últimos incrementando su agresividad para con otros machos de la misma especie.
La agresividad favorece el éxito en los enfrentamientos con otros machos y, en
algunos casos, permite adquirir un territorio de apareamiento. El influjo de la
testosterona sobre la agresividad también puede ser organizador o activador.
Efectos activadores de las
hormonas sobre la agresión
En una gran
variedad d animales, la testosterona tiene un efecto activador sobre la
agresión. Los estudios experimentales avalan esta conclusión, ya que las
inyecciones de testosterona suelen aumentar el nivel de agresividad entre
machos, mientras que la castración los reduce. Esta facilitación de la
agresión parece ser el resultado de la combinación de varios factores. En
primer lugar, la testosterona puede disminuir el umbral de ataque, haciendo que
el animal reaccione agresivamente en una mayor variedad de situaciones. En
segundo lugar, la testosterona puede aumentar el nivel de atención a los
estímulos relacionados con el ataque. Por ejemplo, el período de atención
sostenida para con el oponente que precede al ataque parece alargarse cuando
aumenta el nivel de testosterona. En tercer lugar, el crecimiento de la masa
muscular y el aumento de tamaño que suele provocar la testosterona pueden
favorecer indirectamente la tendencia a agredir. El hecho de ser más grande y
fuerte aumenta las probabilidades de salir victorioso en un enfrentamiento; y,
como ya hemos visto, la experiencia de ganar puede ser reforzante y potenciar la
tendencia a provocar nuevos enfrentamientos. por último, el desarrollo de los
caracteres sexuales secundarios inducido por la testosterona puede incrementar
la tendencia de los machos coespecíficos a reaccionar agresivamente ante las
señales de lucha (Archer, 1988).
Las
múltiples formas en que la testosterona puede influir sobre la agresión se
ponen de manifiesto en los machos de los pájaros cantores. Los machos con
niveles de testosterona elevados desarrollan plumajes muy conspicuos, que
tienden a desencadenar ataques procedentes de otros machos coespecíficos.
Además, la testosterona favorece un incremento del nivel de actividad que
recibe el nombre de inquietud migratoria. La
inquietud migratoria se
asocia a una tendencia a volar en determinada dirección, pero también
incrementa la tendencia de los machos a comportarse de forma agresiva. Por
último, la testosterona estimula a los machos a emitir sus cantos territoriales
y de cortejo. Igual que los colores llamativos, estos cantos tienden a
desencadenar los ataques de otros machos coespecíficos.
Aunque la
relación existente entre agresión y testosterona es típicamente propia de los
machos, en las hembras d algunas especies también se da esta relación. El
clítoris desarrollado o seudo pene de las hembras de hiena manchada (Crocuta
crocuta) aparentemente evolucionó porque el proceso de selección natural
favoreció niveles de agresividad elevados asociados a niveles elevados de
testosterona. Las hienas necesitan ser agresivas para luchar por la comida, y el
seudo pene se desarrolla en los fetos femeninos debido al elevado nivel de
testosterona presente en el cuerpo de la madre durante el embarazo. En el
andarríos maculado (Actitis macularia), un ave poliándrica, existe una
relación similar entre agresividad y nivel de testosterona. La agresividad es
importante en las hembras de esta especie porque deben enfrentarse con sus
coespecíficas para establecer un territorio con el fin de atraer a los machos
(Oring, 1985). Por lo tanto, en un número reducido de especies las hembras se
benefician del hecho de ser muy agresivas. Al parecer, en estos casos
evolucionó una tendencia a aprovechar la testosterona producida por las
glándulas suprarrenales.
Parece ser
que el estradiol tiene un efecto opuesto al de la testosterona, ya que reduce la
agresividad. Si a una hembra se le extirpan experimentalmente los ovarios y se
le inyecta testosterona, se comportará de forma agresiva con otras hembras,
pero, si se le inyecta estradiol, disminuirá su nivel de agresividad (Van de
Poll et al., 1988).
Efectos organizadores de las
hormonas sobre la agresión
Como ya
hemos visto, la escasa relevancia de los efectos activadores de las
hormonas en algunos primates se ponen de manifiesto tanto en el comportamiento
sexual como en el agresivo. Con la evolución del cerebro relativamente grande y
sumamente diferenciado de los primates, el papel nuclear del aprendizaje ha
tendido a eclipsar el influjo de los mecanismos hormonales. De todos modos, los
efectos organizadores de las hormonas son tan básicos en el
comportamiento de los primates como en el de cualquier otro animal.
Las hembras
de macaco rhesus (Macaca mulatta) a quienes se les administra testosterona en
las últimas fases del desarrollo fetal juegan más a pelearse después del
nacimiento. Parece ser que los efectos prenatales de la testosterona (que
normalmente se segrega durante un período de tiempo breve del desarrollo fetal
masculino) organizan el desarrollo cerebral fomentando l agresividad, de forma
similar a cómo esta misma hormona organiza el desarrollo cerebral en lo que se
refiere a la conducta sexual. De todos modos, los efectos organizadores de
carácter agresivo y de carácter sexual, no siguen la misma pauta temporal. La
administración de testosterona durante las primeras fases des desarrollo fetal
provoca hipersexualidad, mientras que la administración de testosterona durante
las últimas fases del desarrollo fetal (poco antes del parto) provoca un
incremento de la agresividad (Goy et al., 1988).
En los
pájaros cantores, suele ser el estradiol, en vez de la testosterona, la hormona
que tiene efectos organizadores sobre el canto y sobre la agresividad. De ahí
que las hembras de estas especies, que suelen tener niveles bajos de estradiol
durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo, no canten a pesar de que se les
inyecte testosterona en la edad adulta. Solamente en el caso de que se les
inyecte estradiol al poco de la eclosión y se les vuelva a inyectar esta misma
hormona cuando alcancen la madurez sexual, cantarán como si fueran machos
(Pohl-Apel y Sossinka, 1984). Estudios realizados con pinzones cebra (Taeniopygia
guttata) han puesto de manifiesto cómo actúa el estradiol durante las
primeras fases del desarrollo. Normalmente, el estradiol estimula el desarrollo
de áreas neurales relacionadas con el canto solamente en los machos. Sin
embargo, la implantación experimental de estradiol también estimula el
crecimiento de estas áreas neurales en las hembras. Por ello, cuando alcanzan
la edad adulta, las hembras pueden ser inducidas a cantar como los machos
(DeVoogd, 1991).
A modo de
conclusión, hemos visto que algunas hormonas tienen tanto efectos organizadores
como activadores sobre el comportamiento social y reproductor. De todos modos,
debemos tener en cuenta que no hay una línea clara entre los efectos
organizadores y los activadores. Por ejemplo, el efecto activador de una hormona
puede ser aplazado, tardando varios días o incluso semanas en ponerse de
manifiesto. Este aplazamiento del efecto puede obedecer al tiempo necesario para
que la hormona se metabolice o se descomponga, o bien a las complejas
interacciones que se establecen entre las hormonas. En cualquier caso, las
dicotomías raramente son absolutas, como hemos visto ya en varias ocasiones.
El estrés
Vamos a
analizar las respuestas hormonales a las experiencias estresantes, respuestas
que ayudan a entender por qué el estrés a largo plazo puede ser sumamente
perjudicial para la salud de un animal.
Las respuestas ante el
estrés en los adultos
Los
animales presentan el mismo tipo de reacción fisiológica general ante un
depredador y ante un coespecífico amenazante, independientemente de que el
animal amenazado se disponga a atacar, a huir o a quedarse completamente
inmóvil. Las hormonas epinefrina y norepinefrina, segregadas por la médula
suprarrenal, sirven para movilizar los recursos corporales y aportar energía
extra (ambas funcionan también como neurotransmisores). Cuando un animal está
expuesto a una amenaza continua, una condición que se puede simular en el
laboratorio administrándole descargas eléctricas constantemente, presenta lo
que se conoce como síndrome de adaptación
general (Selye, 1976).
El
síndrome de adaptación general consta de tres fases. La primera fase, conocida
como fase de alarma, implica las respuestas que acabamos de ver (secreción de
hormonas suprarrenales que permiten obtener energía extra de forma inmediata).
La segunda
fase, denominada fase de resistencia, se caracteriza por la secreción de hormonas
corticoesteroides, producidas por la médula suprarrenal; estas hormonas
mantienen la temperatura corporal, la presión arterial y la tasa respiratoria a
un nivel elevado, proporcionando
recursos durante un período de tiempo más largo para hacer frente a una
amenaza persistente.
No
obstante, si la reacción de estrés se prolonga demasiado tiempo, el animal
entra en la tercera fase: el agotamiento. Básicamente, el animal ha estado
gastando demasiada energía para mantener su reacción defensiva. Cuando se le
agotan los recursos, su resistencia ante las enfermedades disminuye y es fácil
que desarrolle enfermedades provocadas por el estrés, como las úlceras. En
algunos casos, el estrés prolongado puede ser letal.
Básicamente,
los mecanismos que han evolucionado para afrontar el estrés son adaptativos
hasta cierto punto; cuando el estrés es excesivo y/o se prolonga demasiado, sus
efectos pueden ser perjudiciales para la salud. En un estudio, por ejemplo, se
constató que las ratas estresadas experimentalmente presentaban un aumento del
nivel de glucocorticoides. Estas hormonas son importantes para el metabolismo de
los hidratos de carbono y de las proteínas, pero la concentración excesiva de glucocorticoides
disminuye la cantidad de células K (4) o agresoras; células del sistema inmune que destruyen las células
infectadas por virus (Keller et al., 1983). Consecuentemente, las ratas
estresadas son más susceptibles a contraer enfermedades infecciosas.
Los
resultados obtenidos en otros estudios de laboratorio sugieren que los animales
aprenden a reaccionar con indefensión ante situaciones en que no existe ninguna
posibilidad de huir o de controlar la situación. Esta indefensión aprendida
luego se generaliza a otras situaciones, incluso a situaciones en las que
podrían emitir respuestas adaptativas. Por ejemplo, los investigadores ataron a
perros con arneses y les administraron descargas eléctricas en condiciones de
laboratorio. Más adelante, colocaron a los mismos perros en una situación en
que podían haber evitado las descargas simplemente saltando una valla. Sin
embargo, los perros se agazapaban y no hacían nada para evitar las descargas
(Seligman y Maier, 1967).
Respuestas prenatales al
estrés materno
En un
experimento clásico, Richard Thompson (1957) administró descargas eléctricas
a ratas embarazadas y comprobó que no sólo las madres sino también los hijos
sufrieron los efectos del estrés. Al nacer, las crías presentaron niveles de
actividad más bajos de lo normal.
Estudios
realizados posteriormente indicaron que los efectos del estrés prenatal pueden
perdurar durante la edad adulta, sobre todo en los machos. Cuando los hijos de
sexo masculino de madres que fueron expuestas a condiciones estresantes durante
el embarazo se hacen adultos, desarrollan penes más pequeños de lo habitual y
se implican menos en conductas sexuales normales que los machos que no sufrieron
estrés prenatal (Ward y Weisz, 1980). En consonancia con estos resultados, los
hijos de sexo masculino expuestos a estrés prenatal son menos agresivos que los
que tuvieron un desarrollo fetal normal (Kinsley y Svare, 1986).
Estos
efectos parecen obedecer a los niveles elevados de corticoesteroides segregados
por las madres durante el embarazo. Estas hormonas reducen la producción de
testosterona en los fetos de sexo masculino. Esta reducción del nivel de
testosterona se asocia, a su vez, a la inhibición de los procesos de
masculinización responsables de la conducta sexual y agresiva típicamente
masculinas.
Por
último, existen pruebas de que las respuestas prenatales al estrés materno
determinan que los animales sean más vulnerables al estrés en el futuro. De
este modo, las ratas cuyas madres fueron expuestas a condiciones estresantes
durante el embarazo reaccionan de una forma anormalmente intensa ante el estrés
cuando alcanzan la edad adulta (Takahashi et al., 1992). Al parecer la
incapacidad de un animal de adaptarse al estrés a largo plazo o de ajustarse a
los efectos perjudiciales del estrés a largo plazo de sus madres puede provocar
graves problemas.
NOTAS:
(1):
Del inglés Follicle-Stimulantig Hormone
(2):
El concepto de “proceptividad” es uno de los tres
componentes del modelo APR, aplicable a la conducta sexual de las hembras
mamíferas. La A, de atractivo, se refiere al valor del estímulo de la hembra
para provocar una respuesta sexual en el macho (olor, inflamación y color de la
zona genital ...); La P, de proceptividad, se refiere a las conductas activas
realizadas por la hembra para establecer o mantener la interacción sexual
(posturas, presentaciones ...); y la R, de receptividad, a la cooperación de la
hembra con el macho (F.A.Beach, Sexual atractivity, proceptiviti and
receptivity in female mammals, Hormon. Behav., 7, 105-138, 1976.
(3):
Del inglés Luteinzing Hormone.
(4):
Del inglés Killer (asesino).

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